Table 1 Perceptual rules for emergence and maintenance of ownership and agency

Ownership

 Temporal rule: “Multisensory stimuli need to be synchronous”

 Spatial rule: “Sensory inputs need to be spatially congruent and anatomically plausible”

 Anatomical rule: “The viewed body part needs to have a humanoid shape”

 Tactile congruence rule: “Seen and felt stimuli need to be congruent in terms of tactile properties”

Agency

 Volition rule: “Action intent is necessary”

 Spatial rule: “The action (or its predicted outcome) and its consequence needs to be spatially congruent.”

 Temporal contiguity rule: “The temporal relationship between action and effect needs to be contiguous”