Technology-assisted assessment of spasticity: a systematic review

Table 3 Summary of the studies in the literature, categorised into the Manual (M), Controlled (C), Voluntary (V) and Static (NS) approaches and type of measure

Stretch	Measure	Construct	Discriminant	Clinical	Repeatability	Sensitivity	# limbs	#	References
		(2/2)	(Significant)	(\(\ge\)Strong)	(Excellent)	(Reported)	(P/PC+HC)
M	MA+KI	65	4	27	19	8	453/45+22	26	[17, 40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64]
	MA+KI+FT	89	33	11	33	0	259/0+78	9	[38, 55, 65,66,67,68,69,70,71]
	KI+FT	13	63	13	13	0	344/16+29	8	[41, 72,73,74,75,76,77,78]
	KI	14	57	57	57	0	119/19+93	7	[35,36,37, 79,80,81,82]
	MA	0	33	17	17	0	242/41+40	6	[83,84,85,86,87,88]
	Other	33	33	0	0	0	26/0+8	3	[89,90,91]
C	KI+FT	36	36	23	18	5	791/75+411	22	[34, 92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112]
	MA+KI+FT	85	54	8	31	0	268/0+163	13	[113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125]
	MA+KI	67	0	0	0	0	115/8+22	6	[60, 126,127,128,129,130]
	KI	0	0	100	100	0	46/46+192	1	[131]
V	MA	0	20	20	0	0	60/22+8	5	[132,133,134,135,136]
	MA+KI	60	40	40	0	0	80/34+37	5	[59, 137,138,139,140]
	Other	0	33	33	0	0	80/80+124	3	[141,142,143]
NS	MP	0	83	50	0	0	257/153+0	6	[95, 95, 132, 144,145,146]
	MA	0	40	20	0	0	178/116+64	5	[70, 81, 146,147,148]
	Other	0	80	0	40	0	76/47+17	5	[39, 96, 122, 149, 150]

It shows the percentage of the studies in each category that showed a construct validity of 2 (out of 2), a Significant discriminant validity, a greater than Strong correlation with a clinical measure, an Excellent repeatability and the percentage of those that included a sensitivity evaluation. The table also reports the total sample size for each category as: number of tested limbs (P), own control limbs (PC) and healthy subjects’ control limbs (HC); and the number of studies in each of the category. Note that these results do not account for the individual sample size of each study and aggregate studies reporting a poor property and studies not reporting it

ISSN: 1743-0003