Technology-assisted assessment of spasticity: a systematic review

Table 4 Summary of the studies in the literature evaluating the most common outcome measures (used in 10 or more studies)

Outcome measure	Construct	Discriminant	Clinical	Repeatability	Sensitivity	# limbs	#	References
Outcome measure	(2/2)	(Significant)	(\(\ge\)Strong)	(Excellent)	(Reported)	(P/PC+HC)
MA level	54	24	14	19	3	951/122+232	37	[17, 38, 40, 41, 49, 53, 55, 55, 58, 59, 59, 60, 60, 63,64,65, 67, 68, 70, 70, 71, 83,84,85,86,87,88, 91, 113, 118, 123, 127, 132, 134, 136, 137, 143]
Catch angle	35	6	6	47	0	364/50+250	17	[47, 49, 55, 57, 62, 63, 66,67,68, 71, 73, 78, 82, 114, 115, 118, 131]
FT (resistive)	47	41	18	24	0	458/9+236	17	[34, 38, 55, 67, 68, 70, 90, 93, 101,102,103,104,105, 112, 119, 123, 143]
FT (neural)	88	53	18	29	6	388/42+239	17	[70, 77, 80, 90, 94,95,96,97,98,99, 116,117,118, 120,121,122, 124]
TSRT	100	0	21	0	7	247/8+11	14	[42, 43, 46, 48, 50,51,52, 54, 61, 79, 126, 127, 129, 140]
EMG onset	62	15	15	0	0	268/0+85	13	[17, 38, 56, 60, 60, 63, 66, 119, 120, 124, 127, 130, 134]
Work	70	60	20	40	0	317/0+108	10	[38, 55, 67, 68, 71, 73, 77, 106, 119, 123]

It shows the percentage of the studies for each of the outcome measures that showed a construct validity of 2 (out of 2), a Significant discriminant validity, a greater than Strong correlation with a clinical measure, an Excellent repeatability and the percentage of those that included a sensitivity evaluation. The table also reports the total sample size for each outcome measure as: number of tested limbs (P), own control limbs (PC) and healthy subjects’ control limbs (HC); and the number of studies in each outcome measure. Note that these results do not account for the individual sample size of each study and aggregate studies reporting a poor property and studies not reporting it

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