Fig. 1
From: Comparison of five different methodologies for evaluating ankle–foot orthosis stiffness
Overview of existing test fixtures. A EMPIRE, B SMApp, C KST, and D BRUCE. All fixtures secure the AFO for testing by clamping down the footplate using a mock/surrogate/test foot (1) and strapping the tibial cuff to a surrogate shank (2). Angular displacment of the AFO is measured at the axis of rotation using an encoder (3) and applied loads are measured using a load cell (4). Note that the AFO pictured in the BRUCE was not one tested in this study