Table 7 Repeatability for sensor-based metrics

Isokinetic motion with EMG

ICC(2,1)

(0.857–0.981)

***-****

1-DOF

Intra-

[85]

Isokinetic motion with torque

ICC(2,1)

(0.873–0.987)

***-****

Manual motion with EMG

ICC(2,1)

(0.538–0.924)

**-****

Joint ROM right shoulder

ICC(3,1)

0.998

****

2-DOF (unactuated)

Intra-

[89]

Joint ROM right elbow

ICC(3,1)

0.994

****

Joint ROM left shoulder

ICC(3,1)

0.996

****

Joint ROM left elbow

ICC(3,1)

0.994

****

Grip force right dynamometer

ICC(3,1)

0.998

****

Grip force left dynamometer

ICC(3,1)

0.998

****

Mean speed

ICC(3,1)

0.95, 0.93

****

MEMOS & Braccio di Ferro

Intra-, Inter-

[151]

Mean absolute value of the distance

ICC(3,1)

0.91, 0.97

****

Normal path length

ICC(3,1)

0.9, 0.96

****

Ratio between peak tangential speed and mean speed

ICC(3,1)

0.99, 0.91

****

Spectral arc length

ICC(3,1)

0.92, 0.95

****

Velocity peaks

ICC(3,1)

0.85, 0.95

***,****

Mean speed

ICC(3,1)

0.93,0.94^a

****

Kinect

Intra-, Inter-

[81]

Normalized mean speed

ICC(3,1)

0.81,0.6^a

***,**

Normalized speed peaks

ICC(3,1)

0.77,0.71^a

***,**

Logarithm of dimensionless jerk

ICC(3,1)

0.91,0.95^a

****

Curvature

ICC(3,1)

0.91,0.96^a

****

Spectral arc length

ICC(3,1)

0.52,0.12^a

**,*

Shoulder angle

ICC(3,1)

0.99,0.96^a

****

Elbow angle

ICC(3,1)

0.94,0.92^a

****

Duration

ICC(2,k)

0.962

****

MOTORE

Inter-

[86]

Mean speed

ICC(2,k)

0.914

****

The total length of the path traveled

ICC(2,k)

0.951

****

Mean of path length ratios

ICC(2,k)

0.972

****

Line integral of force along patient path (Work_tot)

ICC(2,k)

0.908

****

Total work directed towards the target (Work_tan)

ICC(2,k)

0.957

****

Movement time

ICC(2,k)

0.11–0.82

*-***

7-camera Qualisys Motion

Inter-

[87]

Peak hand velocity

ICC(2,k)

0.74–0.95

**-****

Time to peak hand velocity

ICC(2,k)

0.11–0.83

*-***

Reach path ratio

ICC(2,k)

0.33–0.95

*-****

Endpoint error

ICC(2,k)

0.68–0.85

**-***

Reach extent

ICC(2,k)

0.93–0.99

****

Maximum shoulder flexion range of motion

ICC(2,k)

0.93–0.95

****

Maximum shoulder abduction ROM

ICC(2,k)

0.58–0.77

**-***

Min elbow extension ROM

ICC(2,k)

0.86–0.91

***-****

Interjoint coordination

ICC(2,k)

0.66–0.92

**-****

Trajectory smoothness

ICC(2,k)

0.43–0.84

*-***

aROM elbow flexion

ICC(3,k)

0.56–0.90

**-****

Inertial sensors

Rater A

[152]

aROM elbow pronation

ICC(3,k)

0.71–0.93

**-****

aROM elbow supination

ICC(3,k)

0.84–0.97

***-****

aROM wrist flexion

ICC(3,k)

0.86–0.97

***-****

aROM wrist extension

ICC(3,k)

0.62–0.92

**-****

aROM radial deviation

ICC(3,k)

0.63–0.92

**-****

aROM ulnar deviation

ICC(3,k)

0.72–0.94

**-****

Discrimination threshold

ICC(3,1)

0.52–0.90

**-****

KINARM

[157]

Displacement variability

ICC(3,1)

0.28–0.86

*-***

Absolute error-XY

ICC(3,1)

0.74–0.95

**-****

Variability-XY

ICC(3,1)

− 0.09–0.63

*-**

Con/Exp ratio-XY

ICC(3,1)

0.68–0.94

**-****

Spatial shift-XY

ICC(3,1)

0.72–0.95

**-****

Visually guided reaching—dominate

ICC(3,1)

0.3

*

[158]

Visually guided reaching—non-dominate

ICC(3,1)

0.33

*

Arm position matching—dominate

ICC(3,1)

0.29

*

Arm position matching—non-dominate

ICC(3,1)

0.36

*

Total movement time

ICC(2,k)

0.91–0.99

****

ArmeoSpring

Inter-

[62]

Movement time

ICC(2,k)

0.47–0.90

*-****

Peak velocity

ICC(2,k)

0.83–0.97

***-****

Hand path ratio

ICC(2,k)

0.47–0.90

*-****

Velocity peaks

ICC(2,k)

0.45–0.91

*-****

Score

ICC(2,k)

0.97–0.99

****