Table 2 Study characteristics of the ten critically appraised studies
Author and year | Study design | Level of evidence (Oxford) [38] | Sample size | Sample size characteristics | Context | VR definition | Outcome of interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cano Porras et al. 2019 [44] | Retrospective Cohort Study | Level 3 | n = 167 | Males = 99 Females = 63 Mean Age = 63.8 | Centre of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (CATR) at the Sheba Medical Centre | Semi-Immersive | 10 Metre Walk Test Timed Up and Go Four Square Step Test Berg Balance Scale Mini Balance Evaluation Test |
Cuthbert et al. 2014 [45] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Level 2 | n = 20 | Males = 13 Females = 7 Median Age = 31.0 | Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility | Non-Immersive | Berg Balance Scale Functional Gait Assessment |
De Luca et al. 2019 [46] | Case Report | Level 4 | n = 1 | Male Age = 15 | Supervised Clinical Setting | Semi-Immersive | Tinetti’s Mobility Test Tinetti's Balance Test Functional Independence Measure—Motor Abilities |
Gottshall & Sessoms, 2015 [47] | Case Report | Level 4 | n = 1 | Male Age = 41 | Naval Health Research Center (NHRC) | Semi-Immersive | Dizziness Handicap Inventory Sensory Organisation Test Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale Functional Gait Assessment |
Gottshall, Sessoms and Bartlett 2012 [48] | Quasi-Experimental Design | Level 2 | n = 4 | Not Specified | Naval Health Research Center (NHRC) Warfighter Performance Laboratory | Semi-Immersive | Sensory Organisation Test Functional Gait Assessment Dizziness Handicap Inventory Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale |
Lubetzky et al. 2020 [20] | Quasi-Experimental Design | Level 2 | n = 15 | Males = 10 Females = 5 Mean Age = 38.0 | Vestibular Rehabilitation Clinic | Immersive | Visual Vertigo Analogue Scale Dizziness Handicap Inventory Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale Eight Foot Up and Go Four-Square Step Test |
Rábago and Wilken 2011 [49] | Case Report | Level 4 | n = 1 | Male Age = 31 | Military Performance Laboratory | Semi-Immersive | Single Leg Stance Test Step Variability |
Sessoms et al. 2015 [50] | Randomised Control Trial | Level 2 | n = 24 | Gender Not Specified Mean Age = 29.7 | Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD) | Semi-Immersive | CAREN Specific Outcome Measures - Self Selected Walking Speed - Boat Steering Task Score |
Sessoms et al. 2021 [4] | Randomised Control Trial | Level 2 | n = 25 | Gender Not Specified Mean Age = 30.4 | Military Medical Centre | Semi-Immersive | Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale Dizziness Handicap Inventory Sensory Organisation Test Functional Gait Assessment |
Ustinova et al. 2014 [51] | Quasi-Experimental Design | Level 2 | n = 15 | Males = 10 Females = 5 Mean Age = 30.6 | Supervised Clinical Setting | Non-Immersive | Berg Balance Scale Functional Gait Assessment Test Functional Reach Test |