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Table 1 Predictors included in the analysis

From: Predicting later categories of upper limb activity from earlier clinical assessments following stroke: an exploratory analysis

Predictor name

Description

Construct

Scoring

UL measures

 Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) [45,46,47]

Standardized measure assessing UL functional ability for activity

UL capacity

Scores range from 0–57, higher values indicate greater UL function

 Shoulder Abduction Finger Extension (SAFE) [20, 23]

Sum of two Medical Research Council strength grades from the shoulder abductors and the finger extensors

UL impairment

Scores are whole numbers and range from 0–10, higher values indicate less impairment in the affected UE

 Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer (UEFM) [48, 49]

Standardized measure assessing movement in and out of synergies of the affected UL

UL impairment

Scores range from 0–66, higher values indicate less impairment in the affected UL

Non-motor clinical measures

 Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) [50, 51]

Questionnaire asking about the frequency and severity of symptoms associated with mood

Depression screen

Scores range from 0–60, higher scores indicative of greater depressive symptomatology

 Unstructured Mesulam [52, 53]

Paper, pencil test measuring visual spatial ability

Hemispatial neglect

Scores are calculated by subtracting the omissions from the total score of 60 (0–30 on both sides), > 4 omissions on one side are considered pathological

 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) [54]

Brief tool to screen for cognitive impairment across multiple domains

Cognitive screen

Scores range from 0–30, scores < 26 indicate cognitive impairment

 National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) [55]

Standardized measure of global stroke severity

Stroke severity

Scores range from 0–42, lower scores indicate less severe stroke overall

Demographics

 Area deprivation index (ADI) [38,39,40]

Multi-dimensional evaluation of a region’s socioeconomic conditions

Socioeconomic disadvantage

Scores are % rankings and range from 1 to 100, lower values indicate lowest level of “disadvantage”

 Age

Participant age at time of testing

Minimum age of 18

 Concordance

Affected UL is dominant UL

Categorized as: Yes/No

 Ethnicity

Participant report of ethnicity

Categorized as: Non-Hispanic/Non-Latino or Latino

 Living status pre-stroke

Participant report of prior living situation

Categorized as*: Living alone, independent ADLs/Living alone, assist ADLs/ Living with others, independent ADLs/ Living with others, assist ADLs

 Living status 2-weeks post stroke

Participant location at 2-week time point

Categorized as: Inpatient/Skilled-nursing facility/Assisted living/Home/Other

 Race

Participant reported racial identification

Categorized as: White/ Black or African-American/Asian/American Indian or Alaska Native/Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

 Sex

Participant report of sex

Categorized as: Male/Female

 Stroke type

Cause of disruption of blood flow, from medical record

Categorized as: Ischemic/Hemorrhagic/Unknown

 Time post stroke

Number of days from stroke-onset to 2-week testing, from medical record

Difference in days between date of testing and stroke onset

  1. * Activities of daily living (ADL)