Table 1 Overall description of included studies

Beani et al. 2020 [23]

Case control study

N = 50 (+ 50 TDC)

Mean age (range) = 9.9 (3–25)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

Accelerometers

• Clinical scores: MACS

• Quantitative measures: Asymmetry index, Mean activity count

Cacioppo et al. 2020 [24]

Case control study

N = 19 (+ 20 TDC)

Mean age (range) = 11.3 (5–17)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

3DMA

• Clinical scores: AHA

• Quantitative measures: ROM MAX APS SPARC IOC

Cope et al. 2010 [30]

Experimental study

N = 10

Mean age (range) = 11 (7–14)

Classification = uCP

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Peak velocity, Movement time, Movement units, ROM

CIMT

Feltham et al. 2010a [31]

Case control study

N = 8* (+ 14 TDC)

Mean age (range) = 13.9 (9–18)

Classification = uCP

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Duration, Interlimb coupling, Continuous relative phase, Normalized jerk

Gaillard et al. 2019 [25]

Case control study

N = 20 (+ 20 TDC)

Mean age (range) = 12 (6–18)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

3DMA

• Clinical scores: AHA, Abilhand Kids

• Quantitative measures: Angular waveforms, ROM MAX

Gordon et al. 2007 [26]

Experimental study

N = 20

Mean age (range) = 7.7 (3–15)

Classification = uCP

Accelerometers & 3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Time of use, Goal synchrony

HABIT/ Usual therapy

Howcroft et al. 2012b [32]

Cohort study

N = 17

Mean age (SD) = 9.4 (1.5)

Classification = uCP (15), bilateral CP (2)

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: ROM, Angular velocities, Accelerations

Hung et al. 2004 [33]

Cohort study

N = 10**

Mean age (range) = 13.4 (8–16)

Classification = uCP

3DMA

• Clinical scores: JTHFT

• Quantitative measures: Task completion time, Goal synchronization, Movement overlap time, Tangential velocity, Peak velocity difference

Hung et al. 2010 [34]

Case control study

N = 11** (+ 11 TDC)

Mean age (range) = 13.1 (8–16)

Classification = uCP

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Tangential velocity, Task completion time, Goal synchronization, Movement overlap, Task hand movement time

Hung et al. 2011 [35]

Experimental study

N = 20

Mean age (range) = 6.9 (4–10)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II

3DMA

• Clinical scores: AHA

• Quantitative measures: Peak tangential velocity, Movement overlap time, Goal synchronization, Task completion time

HABIT/CIMT

Hung et Meredith, 2014 [36]

Case control study

N = 10 (+ 10 TDC)

Mean age (range) = 8.3 (7–11)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Difference in vertical position between hands, Vertical hand ROM, Lateral hand ROM, Elbow excursion, Shoulder excursion

Hung et al. 2017a. [27]

Experimental study

N = 20

Mean age (SD) = 8.5 (1.5)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Movement overlap time, Goal synchronization, Task completion time, C7 displacement, Upper arm and elbow joint angle excursion

Structured/ unstructured practice

Hung et Spingarn, 2018 [37]

Experimental study

N = 7

Mean age (range) = 3.6 (2.4–4.5)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Movement overlap time, Goal synchronization, Task completion time, C7 displacement, Upper arm and elbow joint angle excursion

H-HABIT

Hung et al. 2018 [38]

Case control study

N = 12 (+ 12 TDC)

Mean age (range) = 8.3 (6–11)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II

3DMA

• Clinical scores: /

• Quantitative measures: Movement time, Two hands offset/onset difference, Elbow/shoulder joint excursion

Hung et al. 2019 [28]

Cohort study

N = 39

Mean age (range) = 9.6 (6–17)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

3DMA

• Clinical scores: AHA

• Quantitative measures: Total movement time, Goal synchronization, Normalized movement overlap, C7 displacement

Hung et Zeng., 2020 [39]

Case control study

N = 10 (+ 10 TDC + 10 adults)

Mean age (range) = 9.6 (6–11)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Peak velocity, Upper arm and elbow joint, C7 displacement, Hand height position differences, Timing differences at offset

Johansson et al. 2012 [40]

Case report

N = 2

Age = 17y and 13y

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Duration of the movement, 3D Distance, Number of movement units

SMT

Johansson et al. 2014 [41]

Case report

N = 1 (+ 1 TDC)

Age = 12y

Classification = uCP, MACS II

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: 3D Distance, Number of movement units

SMT

Klotz et al. 2014 [42]

Case control study

N = 16 (+ 17 TDC)

Mean age (range) = 13 (9–17)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

3DMA

• Clinical scores: MACS, Abilhand Kids

• Quantitative measures: Movement time, ROM

Mutalib et al. 2019a. [43]

Case control study

N = 15 (+ 17 TD)

Mean age (range) = 8.7 (5–14)

Classification = uCP

A bespoke instrumented cube

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Duration, Isometric grasp force, Interlimb force asymmetry, SPARC

Rudisch, et al. 2016 [29]

Cohort study

N = 37

Mean age (SD) = 10.9 (2.6)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

3DMA

• Clinical scores: CHEQ, JTHFT

• Quantitative measures: Total task duration, Temporal Coupling, Spatial accuracy

Shum et al. 2020 [49]

Experimental study

N = 5 (+ 12 TDC)

Mean age (range) = 17 (14–21)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

Kinect

• Clinical scores: *MACS

• Quantitative measures: ROM, Peak velocity, Time to peak velocity, Smoothness, Trunk compensation

With / without EA

Smorenburg et al. 2011 [44]

Cohort study

N = 10*

Mean age (range) = 12.7 (7–17)

Classification = uCP

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Continuous relative phase

Smorenburg et al. 2012a [45]

Cohort study

N = 23

Mean age (range) = 14.2 (9–19)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Absolute error, Average velocity, Relative movement smoothness

Smorenburg et al. 2013 [46]

Experimental study

N = 16

Mean age (range) = 15.8 (10–19)

Classification = uCP, MACS I/II/III

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Absolute error

Visual / mirror feedback

Sugden et Utley, 1995 [49]

Cohort study

N = 17

Mean age (range) = 9.8 (4–18)

Classification = uCP

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Duration, Mean/peak velocity, Location of peak velocity, Interlimb coupling

Utley et Sugden,1998 [50]

Cohort study

N = 11

Mean age (range) = 7.9 (5–12)

Classification = uCP

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures:

Mean, peak velocity, Intra/interlimb coupling, Duration of movement

Utley et al. 2004 [51]

Cohort study

N = 8

Mean age (range) = 8.1 (5–11)

Classification = uCP

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures:

• Mean, peak velocity, Intra/interlimb coupling, Grasp aperture, Duration of movement

Utley et al. 2007 [52]

Case control study

N = 9 (+ 7 TDC)

Mean age (range) = 7.8 (5–12)

Classification = uCP

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures:

Mean, peak velocity, Intra/interlimb coupling, Mean maximum displacement

Van Thiel et al. 2001 [53]

Cohort study

N = 5

Mean age (range) = 18 (15–20)

Classification = uCP

3DMA

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Movement time, Joint displacement, Dysfluency of the hand movement, Onset asynchrony, Variability of onset asynchrony, Peak asynchrony, Variability of peak asynchrony

Volman et al. 2020 [47]

Cohort study

N = 12

Mean age (range) = 10.7 (8–14)

Classification = uCP

Digitizer

• Clinical scores: –

• Quantitative measures: Cycle duration, Amplitude and circularity, Smoothness, Relative phase