Table 2 Detailed characteristics of the quantitative measurement systems
From: Bimanual movements in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review of instrumented assessments
Articles | System | Device, Manufacturer | Type, Size | Markers (N) | Bilateral marker location | Cameras (N) | Frequency Sampling | Kinematic Model | Algorithm | Data processing | Filter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3D motion analysis | |||||||||||
Cacioppo et al. 2020 [24] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Vicon® system, Oxford Metrics, UK) | Reflective markers (9 mm) | 26 | Trunk, arms, forearms and hands | 10 | 100 Hz | Euler sequence ISB | Shoulder joint centre (functional method) | Matlab® (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA) | – |
Cope et al. 2010 [30] | Optoelectronic | Skill Technologies 3D Motion Capture and Analysis System (1202 E. Maryland Ave. Suite 1G, Phoenix, AZ) | Motion sensors | 8 | Upper limbs and trunk | – | 120 Hz | – | – | – | A low pass filter (6 Hz) |
Feltham et al. 2010a [31] | Optoelectronic | Two serially-connected units of 3 infrared cameras (3020 Optotrak®, Northern Digital Inc., Waterloo, Canada) | Light emitting diodes | 2 × 3 | Dorsal tuberculum of the radius | 2 × 3 | 200 Hz | – | – | – | – |
Gaillard et al. 2019 [25] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Optotrack, Motion Analysis, Corvallis, OR, USA) | Reflective markers (9 mm) | 26 (on the child) + 4 (objects) | Trunk, arms, forearms and hands | 12 | 100 Hz | Euler sequence ISB | Shoulder joint centre (functional method) | Matlab® (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA) | – |
Gordon et al. 2007 [26] | Electromagnetic | Electromagnetic motion tracking System, Polhemus Fastrack (Polhemus, Colchester, Vermont, USA) | Electromagnetic position sensors | 2 | Each wrist | – | 60 Hz | – | – | – | – |
Howcroft et al. 2012b [32] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Vicon® system, Oxford Metrics, UK) | Reflective markers (14 mm) | 16 | Third MCP joint, medial and lateral wrist, lateral aspect of the forearm, medial and lateral condyles of the humerus, lateral aspect of the upper arm, left and right acromions, C7, and midpoint of the clavicles | 7 | 60 Hz | Upper body model, 7 segments (shoulder girdle, left upper arm, right upper arm, left lower arm, right lower arm, left hand, and right hand) | Vicon Bodybuilder | A low pass filter (6 Hz) | |
Hung et al. 2004 [33] Hung et al. 2010 [34] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Motion Analysis Corporation, USA) | Reflective markers | 2 | On the midpoint of the bilateral wrists | 4 | 120 Hz | – | – | Eva 5.36 (Motion Analysis Corporation) | A low pass filter (6 Hz) |
Hung et al. 2011 [35] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Motion Analysis Corporation, USA) | Reflective markers | 2 | On the midpoint of both wrists | 8 | 120 Hz | – | – | Vicon software | A low pass filter (6 Hz) |
Hung et Meredith, 2014 [36] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Vicon® system, Oxford Metrics, UK) | Reflective markers | 41 | Bilaterally on the anterior and posterior portions of the head, the shoulders (acromion process), the elbows (lateral epicondyle), the wrists (radio and ulnar styloid processes), the hands (index MCP joint), the upper arms, the forearms, between the clavicles, on the sternum, on C7, on T10, and on the right scapula | 120 Hz | Whole-body plug-in-gait model | Vicon Nexus 1.51 | A low pass filter (6 Hz) | ||
Hung et al. 2017a. [27] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Vicon® system, Oxford Metrics, UK) | Reflective markers | 7 | C7 and bilateral shoulder (acromion process), elbow (lateral epicondyle), and wrist (ulnar styloid process) | 8 | 120 Hz | – | – | Vicon workstation 4.6 | A low pass filter (6 Hz) |
Hung et Spingarn, 2018 [37] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Vicon® system, Oxford Metrics, UK) | Reflective markers | 41 | Bilaterally on the anterior and posterior portions of the head, the shoulders (acromion process), the elbows (lateral epicondyle), the wrists (radio and ulnar styloid processes), the hands (index MCP joint), the upper arms, the forearms, between the clavicles, on the sternum, on C7, on T10, and on the right scapula | 8 | 120 Hz | Whole-body plug-in-gait model | – | Vicon Nexus 1.51 | A low pass filter (6 Hz) |
Hung et al. 2018 [38] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Vicon® system, Oxford Metrics, UK) | Reflective markers | 7 | C7 and bilateral shoulder (acromion process), elbow (lateral epicondyle), and wrist (ulnar styloid process) | 8 | 120 Hz | – | – | Workstation 4.6 (Vicon, Denver, CO, United States) | A low pass filter (6 Hz) |
Hung et al. 2019 [28] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Vicon® system, Oxford Metrics, UK) | Reflective markers | 7 | Bilateral shoulder (acromion process), elbow (lateral epicondyle), wrist (ulnar styloid process), and spinous process of C7 | 8 | 120 Hz | – | – | Workstation 4.6 (Vicon, Denver, CO, United States) | A low pass filter (6 Hz) |
Hung et Zeng, 2020. [39] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Vicon® system, Oxford Metrics, UK) | Reflective markers | 9 | Bilaterally on the shoulders (acromion process), the elbows (lateral epicondyle), the wrists (ulnar styloid processes), the hands (index MCP joint) and on C7 | 8 | 120 Hz | – | – | Vicon Nexus 1.51 | A low pass filter (6 Hz) |
Johansson et al. 2012 [40] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Proreflex, Qualisys Inc., Gothenburg, Sweden) | Reflective markers (7–29 mm) | 9 | Left and right shoulders, elbows, wrists and knuckles of index finger, and one forehead marker | 6 | 120 Hz | – | – | Matlab® (The Mathworks Inc., Boston, MA) | A second-order 10 Hz dual pass Butterworth filter |
Johansson et al. 2014 [41] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Proreflex, Qualisys Inc., Gothenburg, Sweden) | Reflective markers (12–29 mm) | 6 | Left and right shoulders, elbows, and wrists | 6 | 120 Hz | – | – | Matlab® (The Mathworks Inc., Boston, MA, USA) | A second order 12 Hz Butterworth filter |
Klotz et al. 2014 [42] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (Vicon-M-series, Oxford Metrics, Oxford, UK) | The Heidelberg Upper Extremity model (HUX) + 3 on the head, and 1 twin-marker placed on the upper arm | 12 | 120 Hz | Heidelberg Upper Extremity model (HUX) | Joint centres & joint axes (functional methods) | – | – | ||
Rudisch, et al. 2016 [29] | Electromagnetic | Electromagnetic motion tracking System, Polhemus® G4 (Polhemus, Colchester, Vermont, USA) | Electromagnetic position sensors | 2 | Dorsally over the 3rd metacarpal bone | 120 Hz | – | Euler Angles allowing the projection of the centre of measurement into the centre of the hand A semi-automated algorithm | -Customized software, written in labview 2014 (National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA) -MATLAB® R2014b (The Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) | – | |
Smorenburg et al. 2011 [44] | Optoelectronic | Two serially connected units of 3 infrared cameras (3020 Optotrak®, Northern Digital Inc., Waterloo, Canada) | Light emitting diodes | 8 | Dorsal tuberculum of the radius (wrist), lateral epicondyle of the humerus (elbow), greater tubercle of the humerus (shoulder) and the trochanter of the femur (hip) | 2 × 3 | 200 Hz | – | – | – | – |
Smorenburg et al. 2012a [45] | Optoelectronic | One unit with 3 infrared cameras (3020 Optotrak®, Northern Digital Inc., Waterloo, Canada) | – | – | – | 3 | 200 Hz | – | – | Custom-made Matlab programmes (The Mathworks, version 7.1) | – |
Smorenburg et al. 2013 [46] | Optoelectronic | One unit with 3 infrared cameras (3020 Optotrak® Northern Digital Inc., Waterloo, Canada) | Light emitting diodes | – | – | 3 | 200 Hz | – | – | Custom-written Matlab routines (The Mathworks, version 2011) | – |
Steenbergen et al. 2008 [47] | Electromagnetic | Electromagnetic motion tracking System (Pohlemus® Fastrack, Colchester) | Electromagnetic position sensors | – | – | – | 400 and 60 Hz | – | – | SC/ZOOM, Umeå University, Sweden | – |
Sugden et Utley, 1995 [49] | – | – | 38 | 19 markers on each arm: Shoulder, elbow, wrist (head of the radius and ulna), fingers (the joint of the metacarpals and proximal phalanges, the joint of the proximal phalanges and the middle phalange and the tip of the distal phalanges), thumb (the joint of the carpals and metacarpals, the joint of the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges; and the tip of the distal phalanx) | – | Digitised at 50 Hz for a range of 20 to 80 frames | – | – | – | – | |
Utley et Sugden,1998 [50] | Optoelectronic | 3 CCD cameras with coaxial infrared amys (MIE Medical Research Ltd, Leeds. UK) | Luminous lightweight spheres (1 cm) | 8 | Bilaterally shoulder, elbow, wrist, and middle digit | 3 | – | Calibration frame with nine control points (50 cm3) | Sealing method (direct linear parameters calculated) | IHM-compatible interface card in an Elonex PC-i33 computer with appropriate sofnvare | – |
Utley et al. 2004 [51] | – | – | Luminous lightweight spheres (1 cm) | 10 | Bilaterally shoulder, elbow, wrist, first digit and thumb | 3 + 1 for the video | 50 Hz | – | – | – | – |
Utley et al. 2007 [52] | Optoelectronic | Kinematrix optoelectronic recording system (MIE Medical Research Ltd, Leeds, UK) ) | Reflective markers (1 cm) | 4 | Wrists and middle digit of each hand | 3 | 50 Hz | Calibration frame with nine control points (50 cm3) | – | – | – |
Van Thiel et al. 2001 [53] | Optoelectronic | Infrared cameras (3020 Optotrak®, Northern Digital Inc., Waterloo, Canada) | Light Emitting Diodes | 4 or 5 (hitting task) | Wrist and shoulder of both arms Hitting task: shoulders + 3 attached to the end of the rod | 200 Hz | – | Absolute euclidean distance (shoulder) | – | A second order Butterworth filter of 20 Hz | |
Accelerometers | |||||||||||
Beani et al. 2020 [23] | Accelerometers | ActiGraph GT3X + monitor (wGT3X-BT Monitor, ActiGraph, Florida, FL, model 7164; 4.6 × 3.3 × 1.5 cm, 19 g) | Activity monitor | 2 | Each wrist | 80 Hz | – | Data were recorded in 3 axes and downloaded using ActiLife v.6.13.3 software (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL) | – | – | |
Gordon et al. 2007 [26] | Accelerometers | Manufacturing Technology Inc. Fort Walton Beach, FL, model 7164; 5.1 × 2.6 × 1.5 cm, 42.9 g | Activity monitor | 2 | Each wrist | – | 10 Hz | – | Activity counts | – | – |
Other instruments | |||||||||||
Mutalib et al. 2019a. [43] | A bespoke instrumented cube (10 × 10 × 10cm; 530 g) | Each face of the cube was equiped with a force transducer (TAL107F, HT Sensor Technology Co., Ltd) - A 9-degree of freedom Bosch BNO055 Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) inside the cube | – | – | – | Recorded wirelessly over Bluetooth at 60 Hz and 10-bit resolution | – | – | - A custom data collection program running on an Android tablet, created in the Unity game engine (Unity Technologies, USA) - Matlab® (The MathWorks, USA) | – | |
Shum et al. 2020 [48] | Kinect v2 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, USA) | – | – | – | – | Recorded at 90 Hz, the Oculus system’s inherent sampling frequency, and resampled at 30 Hz prior to further calculation | – | – | – | – | |
Volman et al. 2020 [47] | Digitizer | A digitizer (Wacom Intuos A3) and two cordless pens (Intuos GP 300) with a computer | – | – | – | – | 100 Hz; spatial accuracy 0.25 mm | – | – | OASIS software package | Low pass filtered (Butterworth dual pass, cut-off frequency10 Hz) |