Table 4 Outcome measures evaluated in bimanual assessments

Unilateral variables (= one hand analysed)

Spatial

- 3D Distance (mm) [40, 41]

- Location of peak velocity (frames) [49]

- Range of Motion

Upper arm (°) [27, 38, 39, 48]

Trunk (°) [25, 26, 42]

Shoulder (°) [24, 25, 32, 37, 53]

Elbow (°) [24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 36,37,38,39, 42]

Wrist [24, 25, 30, 32]

Vertical hand (mm) [36]

Lateral hand (mm) [36]

C7 displacement (mm) [27, 37,38,39]

- Maximum angular value (°) [24, 25, 52]

- Arm Profile Score (°) [24]

- Angular waveforms (°) [25]

- Difference in vertical position between hands (m) [36]

- Grasp aperture (cm) [51]

Smoothness

- SPARC [24, 43]

- Number of movement units [30, 40, 41]

- Normalized jerk [31]

- Number of velocity peaks [47, 48]

- Relative movement smoothness (peaks/cm) [45]

- Dysfluency of the hand movement (velocity inversions/sec) [53]

- Mean activity count (activity count/sec) [23]

- Asymmetry index [23]

- Time of use (sec) [26]

- Goal synchronization (sec) [26]

- Root Mean Square Error [49]

- Absolute error [45, 46]

- Hand height position differences (mm) [39]

Temporal

- Movement time / duration of movement (sec) [29,30,31, 37, 40, 42, 43, 47, 49,50,51, 53]

- Time to peak velocity (sec) [48]

- Two hands offset/ onset difference (sec) [37]

- Timing differences at offset (sec) [39]

- Intralimb coupling [50,51,52]

- Index of curvature [24]

- Spatial accuracy (m) [29]

- Amplitude (cm) and circularity [47]

Velocity

- Peak velocity (mm/sec or m/sec) [30,39,

48,49–52]

- Angular velocities (°/sec) [32]

- Accelerations (°/sec2) [32]

- Tangential velocity (mm/sec) [33, 34]

- Peak velocity difference (mm/sec) [33, 35]

- Average velocity (mm/sec) [45, 49,50,51,52]

Bilateral variables (= both hands analysed)

- Task completion time (sec) [27, 28, 33,34,35, 38]

- Goal synchronization (sec) [27, 28, 33,34,35, 38]

- Movement overlap (%time) [27, 28, 33,34,35, 37]

- Interlimb coupling [29, 31, 50,51,52,53]

- Continuous relative phase (i.e. synchronicity) (°) [31, 44, 47]

- Onset asynchrony (sec) [53]

- Variability of onset asynchrony (sec) [53]

- Peak asynchrony (sec) [53]

- Variability of peak asynchrony (sec) [53]

Total

22

6

9

4

4