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Table 3 Functional outcomes following exoskeleton training or convectional training, and comparison among times and interventions

From: Exoskeleton-based training improves walking independence in incomplete spinal cord injury patients: results from a randomized controlled trial

 

Intervention Mean (SD)

Pairwise comparison (p-value, η2)

Baseline

Post-intervention

Change

Baseline vs. Post-intv

IG vs. CG

IG

     

 10MWT (m/s)

0.34 (0.16)

0.57 (0.41)

0.19 (0.16)

0.03*, η2 = 0.39

0.69, η2 = 0.04

 TUG (s)

40.50 (19.70)

27.3 (15.57)

− 13.23 (7.71)

0.00*, η2 = 0.63

0.99, η2 = 0.16

 6MWT (m)

114.67 (71.21)

183.56 (133.10)

68.79 (67.55)

0.00*, η2 = 0.43

0.75, η2 = 0.03

 WISCI-II

(0–20)

8.36 (3.98)

11.91 (4.25)

3.54 (2.65)

0.00*, η2 = 0.60

0.00*, η2 = 0.32

 SCIM-III

(0–100)

73.54 (7.76)

75.72 (10.05)

2.18 (3.37)

0.03*, η2 = 0.23

0.90, η2 = 0.01

CG

     

 10MWT (m/s)

0.41 (0.22)

0.52 (0.36)

0.12 (0.17)

0.04*, η2 = 0.21

 

 TUG (s)

37.37 (20.38)

30.42 (20.20)

− 6.9 (7.22)

0.01*, η2 = 0.33

 

 6MWT (m)

110.95 (72.16)

159.05(125.50)

48.10 (48.58)

0.02*, η2 = 0.27

 

 WISCI-II

(0–20)

11.7 (3.8)

12.40 (4.45)

0.7 (1.49)

0.28, η2 = 0.05

 

 SCIM-III

(0–100)

73.8 (5.49)

76.3 (6.10)

2.4 (2.7)

0.02*, η2 = 0.24

 
  1. CG: control group; IG: intervention group; *significant differences (p < 0.05). η2: calculated effect size. 10MWT: 10 Meters Walking Test; TUG: Test Up and Go; 6MWT: 6 Minutes Walking Test; WISCI-II: Walking Index Spinal Cord Injury-II; SCIM-III: Spinal Cord Independence Measurement-III