Table 2 Main characteristics in studies included in the meta-analysis
| Â | Virtual reality group | Control group | Comparison | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample characteristics | VRBT characteristics | Sample characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
Authorship and publication date | Design | Country | N | Ni | Age | EDSS | Diag. Time | Type | Ses | Week | Ses/week | Min | Nc | Age | EDSS | Diag. Time | Type control | |
Brichetto et al. 2013 | Pilot RCT | Italy | 36 | 18 | 40.7 | 3.9 | 11.2 | niVRBT | 12 | 4 | 3 | 60 | 18 | 43.2 | 4.3 | 12.3 | CT | VRBT vs CT |
Calabrò et al. 2017 | Single-blind RCT | Italy | 40 | 20 | 44 | 4.4 | 11 | niVRBT | 40 | 8 | 5 | 40 | 20 | 41 | 4.75 | 10 | RAGT | VRBT + RAGT vs RAGT |
Eftekharsadat et al. 2015 | Single-blind RCT | Iran | 30 | 15 | 33.4 | – | 5.8 | niVRBT | 24 | 12 | 2 | 20 | 15 | 37 | – | 8.3 | UC | VRBT vs UC |
Kalron et al. 2016 | Pilot RCT | Israel | 30 | 15 | 47.3 | 4.5 | 11.6 | niVRBT | 18 | 6 | 2 | 30 | 15 | 43.9 | 3.9 | 10.4 | CT | VRBT vs CT |
Khalil et al. 2019 | Single-blind RCT | Jordan | 32 | 16 | 39.8 | 2.9 | 8.4 | niVRBT | 12 | 6 | 2 | – | 16 | 34.8 | 3.1 | 10.4 | CT | VRBT vs CT |
Lozano-Quilis et al. 2014 | Single-blind RCT | Spain | 11 | 6 | 48.3 | – | 14 | niVRBT | 10 | 10 | 1 | 60 | 5 | 40.6 | – | 4.7 | CT | VRBT + CT vs CT |
Maggio et al. 2020 | Single-blind RCT | Italy | 60 | 30 | 51.9 | – | – | Semi-iVRBT | 24 | 8 | 3 | 60 | 30 | 48.2 | – | – | CT | VRBT + CT vs CT |
Molhemi et al. 2021 | Single-blind RCT | Iran | 39 | 19 | 36.8 | 4.8 | 7.7 | niVRBT | 18 | 6 | 3 | 30 | 20 | 41.6 | 4.7 | 11.2 | CT | VRBT vs CT |
Munari et al. 2020 | Pilot RCT | Italy | 15 | 8 | 57 | 5.4 | 17.7 | niVRBT | 12 | 6 | 2 | 40 | 7 | 51.7 | 5 | 13.9 | RAGT | VRBT + RAGT vs RAGT |
Nilsagard et al. 2012 | Multi-centre RCT | Sweden | 80 | 41 | 50 | - | 12.5 | niVRBT | 12 | 6 | 2 | 30 | 39 | 49.4 | – | 12.2 | UC | VRBT vs UC |
Ortiz-Gutiérrez et al. 2013 | Single-blind RCT | Spain | 47 | 24 | 36 | 3.95 | 9.7 | niVRBT | 40 | 10 | 4 | 20 | 23 | 42.7 | 3.8 | 10.8 | CT | VRBT vs CT |
Ozkul et al. 2020 | Single-blind RCT | Turkey | 39 | 13 | 29 | 1 | 4 | iVRBT | 16 | 8 | 2 | 20 | 13 | 34 | 1 | 4 | CT | VRBT vs CT |
13 | 34 | 2 | 4 | UC | VRBT vs UC | |||||||||||||
Peruzzi et al. 2016 | Single-blind RCT | Italy | 25 | 14 | 43.6 | 4.1 | 11.8 | niVRBT | 18 | 6 | 3 | 30 | 11 | 42 | 3.5 | 12.4 | RAGT | VRBT + RAGT vs RAGT |
Prosperini et al. 2013 | Cross-over RCT | Italy | 36 | 18 | 35.3 | 3 | 12.2 | niVRBT | 60 | 12 | 5 | 30 | 18 | 37.1 | 3.5 | 9.3 | UC | VRBT vs UC |
18 | 37.1 | 3.5 | 9.3 | niVRBT | 60 | 12 | 5 | 30 | 18 | 35.3 | 3 | 12.2 | UC | VRBT vs UC | ||||
Robinson et al. 2015 | Prospective RCT | UK | 51 | 20 | 52.6 | – | – | niVRBT | 8 | 4 | 2 | 40–60 | 16 | 53.9 | – | – | CT | VRBT vs CT |
15 | 51.9 | – | – | UC | VRBT vs UC | |||||||||||||
Thomas et al. 2017 | Single-blind RCT | UK | 30 | 15 | 50.9 | – | – | niVRBT | – | – | – | – | 15 | 47.6 | – | – | CT | VRBT + CT vs CT |
Tóllar et al. 2019 | Single-blind RCT | Hungary | 50 | 14 | 48.2 | 5 | 12.1 | niVRBT | 25 | 5 | 5 | 60 | 14 | 46.9 | 5 | 13.6 | CT | VRBT vs CT |
12 | 47 | 5 | 13.1 | UC | VRBT vs UC | |||||||||||||
Tuba-Ozdogar et al. 2020 | Single-blind RCT | Turkey | 57 | 20 | 39.2 | 2.7 | 7.5 | niVRBT | 8 | 8 | 1 | 45 | 17 | 43.6 | 2.1 | 6.4 | CT | VRBT vs CT |
20 | 37.9 | 2.3 | 5.9 | UC | VRBT vs UC | |||||||||||||
Yazgan et al. 2020 | Single-blind RCT | Turkey | 42 | 15 | 47.4 | 4.16 | 12.06 | niVRBT | 16 | 8 | 2 | 60 | 12 | 43.1 | 3.8 | 14.9 | CT | VRBT vs CT |
15 | 40.6 | 4 | 11 | UC | VRBT vs UC | |||||||||||||