Table 2 Participant characteristics of the included literature

Bouwsema et al. (2012) [17]

3:3

36 ± 18 (19 to 59)

Transradial

Myoelectric prosthesis

3.8 ± 2.3 (1 to 7) (calculated)

Accident (3), congenital (3), illness (1)

Sobuh et al. (2014) [25]

4:3 (Experiment 1)

3:1 (Experiment 2)

36 ± 10 (26 to 48) (Experiment 1)

49 ± 10 (35 to 56) (Experiment 2)

Transradial

Myoelectric simulator prosthesis (Experiment 1)

Myoelectric prosthesis (Experiment 2)

20 ± 13 (2 to 32)

Not reported

Chadwell et al. (2016) [30]

1:0

2:0

21

(44 to 45)

Transradial

Myoelectric simulator prosthesis (1)

Myoelectric prosthesis (2)

(1.5 to 35)

Congenital

Zhang et al. (2016) [23]

10:10

23.5 ± 2.36

N/A

Myoelectric simulator prosthesis

N/A

N/A

Raveh et al. (2017) [27]

18:25

26 ± 6.6

N/A

Myoelectric simulator prosthesis

N/A

N/A

White et al. (2017) [22]

10:10

23.5 ± 2.36

N/A

Myoelectric simulator prosthesis

N/A

N/A

Chadwell et al. (2018) [18]

9:11

14:6

43 (23 to 61)

53 (18 to 75)

Transradial

Myoelectric prosthesis

20 (1.5 to 39)

Congenital (11), amputation (9)

Parr et al. (2018) [24]

13:8

25.3 ± 5.05

N/A

Myoelectric simulator prosthesis

N/A

N/A

Raveh et al. (2018) [26]

11:1

65 ± 13^†

Transradial

Myoelectric prosthesis

15.5 ± 6^†§

Not reported

Bayani et al. (2019) [15]

10:10

24.7 ± 3.39 (18 to 34)

N/A

Body-powered simulator prosthesis

N/A

N/A

Boser et al. (2019) [16]

7:1

(31 to 64)

Transradial (5)

Transhumeral (3)

Body-powered prosthesis (8)

10.6 ± 4.3 (2 to 14) (calculated)

Not reported

Hebert et al. (2019) [3]

8:8

8:0

26 (18 to 43)

45 (30 to 64)

Transradial (5)

Transhumeral (3)

Body-powered prosthesis (6), myoelectric prosthesis (1), hybrid hand (1)

11 ± 3.4 (4 to 14) (calculated)

Not reported

Parr et al. (2019) [21]

12:8 (Experiment 1)

12:12 (Experiment 2)

Experiment 1: 25.3 ± 5.05

Experiment 2: 24.4 ± 7.23

N/A

Myoelectric simulator prosthesis

N/A

N/A

Zahabi et al. (2019) [29]

1:0

42

Transradial

Myoelectric prosthesis

2

Accident

Kaspersen et al. (2020) [20]

3:3

26.8 ± 3.1 (23 to 32)

N/A

Myoelectric controlled virtual reality arm

N/A

N/A

Chadwell et al. (2021) [19]

14:6

53 (18 to 75)

Transradial

Myoelectric prosthesis

20 (1.5 to 39)

Congenital (11), amputation (9)

Marasco et al. (2021) [28]

1:1

(38 to 40)

Shoulder disarticulation (1)

Transhumeral (1)

Myoelectric prosthesis with touch and kinesthetic feedback tactors

Not reported

Not reported