Table 2 Results of the 6MWT, TUG and 3D gait analysis and comparisons for each condition
hAFO | plsAFO | noAFO | Friedman test | hAFO vs. plsAFO | hAFO vs. noAFO | plsAFO vs. noAFO | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | F-value; P-value | P-value to Hedge’s g (95%CI) | P-value to Hedge’s g (95%CI) | P-value to Hedge’s g (95%CI) | |
6MWT (m) | 443.5 (79) | 388.5 (135) | 336.5 (91) | F(2) = 30.6; P = 0.001* | P < 0.001** g = 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) | P < 0.001** g = 0.88 (0.6 to 1.2) | P = 0.08 g = 0.25 (− 0.03 to 0.4) |
TUG (s) | 8.1 (2.8) | 9.5 (2.6) | 10.0 (2.6) | F(2) = 25.2, P = 0.001* | P < 0.001** g = − 0.5 (− 0.8 to − 0.2) | P < 0.001** g = − 0.6 (− 0.9 to − 0.3) | P = 0.4 g = − 0.1 (− 0.4 to 0.1) |
QUEST device subscale (/5) | 4.6 (0.9) | 3.3 (0.8) | – | – | P < 0.001* g = 1.9 (1.0 to 2.8) | – | – |
QUEST services subscale (/5) | 5.0 (0.3) | 4.6 (1.3) | – | – | P = 0.037 g = 0.6 (0.02 to 1.3) | – | – |
QUEST total score (/5) | 4.7 (0.7) | 3.6 (0.8) | – | – | P < 0.001* g = 1.9 (1.0 to 2.7) | – | – |
Peak dorsiflexion angle in early stance (°) | − 8.6 (4.9) | − 7.5 (5.9) | − 13.0 (8.0) | F(2) = 16.5; P < 0.001* | P < 0.001** g = − 0.7 (− 1.1 to − 0.3) | P = 0.055 g = − 0.5 (− 1.0 to − 0.02) | P < 0.001** g = − 1.0 (− 1.5 to − 0.4) |
Peak dorsiflexion angle in swing (°) | − 4.2 (4.8) | − 4.0 (5.7) | − 16.9 (19.8) | F(2) = 13.7; P = 0.001* | P = 0.761 g = 0.007 (− 0.3 to 0.3) | P = 0.002** g = − 0.8 (− 1.3 to − 0.4) | P < 0.001** g = − 0.8 (− 1.2 to − 0.4) |
Quasi-stiffness for the first linear part of the plantar/dorsiflexion moment–angle curve (dimensionless) | 0.20 (0.10) | 0.32 (0.20) | 0.13 (0.08) | F(2) = 19.6; P = 0.001* | P = 0.007** g = − 0.7 (− 1.2 to − 0.2) | P = 0.008** g = − 0.4 (− 0.9 to − 0.03) | P < 0.001** g = − 1.7 (− 2.4 to − 1.0) |
Peak plantarflexion angle in mid stance (°) | 18.8 (6.8) | 17.3 (5.3) | 18.4 (5.6) | F(2) = 0.4; P = 0.819 | – | – | – |
Maximum dorsi/plantar flexion during swing (°) | 1.1 (6.8) | 0.0 (5.8) | − 3.5 (15.2) | F(2) = 4.13; P = 0.127 | – | – | – |
Peak plantarflexion moment in stance (dimensionless) | − 0.15 (0.03) | − 0.15 (0.04) | − 0.15 (0.04) | F(2) = 1.2; P = 0.549 | – | – | – |
Peak inversion moment in stance (dimensionless) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | F(2) = 0.4; P = 0.819 | – | – | – |
Peak eversion moment in stance (dimensionless) | − 0.03 (0.04) | − 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.02 (0.03) | F(2) = 8.4; P = 0.015 | – | – | – |
Peak negative power in stance (dimensionless) | − 0.04 (0.01) | − 0.03 (0.02) | − 0.03 (0.01) | F(2) = 0.4; P = 0.819 | – | – | – |
Peak positive power in stance (dimensionless) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.10 (0.05) | F(2) = 2.13; P = 0.344 | – | – | – |
Negative work in stance (dimensionless) | − 0.03 (0.01) | − 0.03 (0.01) | − 0.03 (0.01) | F(2) = 0.53; P = 0.766 | – | – | – |
Positive work in stance (dimensionless) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | F(2) = 2.13; P = 0.344 | – | – | – |
Quasi-stiffness for the second linear part of the plantar/dorsiflexion moment–angle curve (dimensionless) | 0.42 (0.30) | 0.43 (0.19) | 0.44 (0.20) | F(2) = 1.73; P = 0.420 | – | – | – |