Fig. 1
From: Impaired proprioception and magnified scaling of proprioceptive error responses in chronic stroke
A KINARM exoskeleton robot. B, C Hand position data (large graph) with insets of hand speed (bottom right) and total workspace overhead view (upper right). In B and C, the white target indicates the start target and the gray target indicates the end target. B Exemplar age-matched control participant with low Initial Direction Error (IDE = 2.57°), near matched Peak Speed Ratio (PSR = 0.99), low End Point Error (EPE = 1.12 cm), and short Response Latency (RL = 352 ms). C Exemplar individual with stroke (left side of the body is more affected, right side of the body is less affected) behavior demonstrates significantly more error across all parameters compared to the control participant (IDE = 92.7°, PSR = 1.45, EPE = 26.56 cm, RL = 1986 ms)