Skip to main content

Table 3 Comparisons between reality conditions for the second phase of movement: ball transport and release

From: Reaching in reality and virtual reality: a comparison of movement kinematics in healthy subjects and in adults with hemiparesis

 

Healthy

   

Stroke

   
 

Physical condition

 

VR condition

 

Physical condition

 

VR condition

 
 

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Temporal parameters

        

Movement time – onset to placing (s)

0.84

0.29

1.18

0.31

1.49†

0.45

2.28†

0.82

Spatial parameters

        

Curvature index

1.14

0.03

1.23

0.29

1.37†

0.27

1.42

0.57

Wrist extension at placing (°)

18.2

12.1

4.0*

8.1

20.3

8.2

6.4

16.0

Elbow extension (°)

25.6

6.9

38.4*

10.9

26.9

11.0

37.3

19.6

Shoulder flexion (°)

24.8

5.2

33.0

7.1

28.4

4.9

35.5

18.2

Shoulder abduction (°)

13.6

5.2

16.4

4.6

18.5

6.9

20.7

8.9

Slope elbow extension/shoulder flexion

1.08

0.08

1.21

0.16

1.01

0.26

1.18

0.15

Slope elbow extension/shoulder abduction

2.36

0.76

2.88

1.19

1.51†

0.69

1.48†

0.51

  1. * Significant difference between reality conditions, Student t-tests with Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05/4 angles = 0.013); VR = virtual reality
  2. † Significant difference between groups, Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.05