Uswatte et al. (2006)[6] | Lang et al. (2007)[11] | Thrane et al. (2011)[12] | Van der Pas et al. (2011)[8] | Wang et al. (2011)[13] | Rand et al. (2012)[16] | Liao et al. (2012)[17] | Taub et al. (2013)[15] | |
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Aim | To study the reliability and validity of the Motor Activity Log for assessing real-world quality of a movement scale (QOM) and amount of use scale (AOU) of the hemiparetic arm in stroke survivors. | To determine the amount of arm use in people with hemiparesis post stroke during inpatient rehabilitation. To examine the relationships between upper extremity use, impairments and activity limitations. | To investigate the correlations between arm motor impairment and real-world use. To analyse whether arm movement ratio (AMR) is correlated with impairment or duration of arm use. To assess the influence of motor impairment on self-care activities. | To test whether triaxial arm accelerometry is a valid method to measure the amount of upper extremity activity in the daily life of adult stroke survivors. | To investigate the criterion-related validity, responsiveness, and clinically important differences of the ABILHAND questionnaire in patients with stroke. | To determine the change in daily use of the upper and lower extremities of stroke patients during subacute rehabilitation. | To compare the effects of robot-assisted therapy on real-world arm activity and daily function in a dose-matched (in amount of hours) control treatment group. | To determine whether patients with functionless hands would improve everyday use using a combination of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) and conventional techniques for regulating tone. |
Study design | Multicenter clinical trial. | Report. | Cross-sectional study. | Cross-sectional concurrent validity study. | Validation and clinimetric study. | Observational cohort. | Prospective randomized controlled trial. | Case series. |
Blinding | Single-blinded (raters). | No. | No. | Not reported. | Blinded raters. | No. | Double-blinded | No. |
Safety data | Not reported. | Not reported. | Not reported. | Not reported. | Not reported. | Not reported. | Not reported. | Not reported. |
Sensors | Two-axial accelerometers (Manufacturing Technologies Inc., Fort Walton Beach, FL). | Uni-axial accelerometers (model 7164–2.4 Activity Monitors, MTI Health Services, FL). | Uni-axial ActiGraph GT1M Accelerometers (ActiGraph Inc., Pensacola, USA). | Tri-axial watch-like, water-resistant accelerometers (Actiwatch AW7a). | Accelerometers about the size of a large wristwatch. The type was not reported. | Tri-axial accelerometers (ActicalTM, Mini Mitter Co). | Tri-axial MicroMini-Motion logger (Ambulatory Monitoring, New York, NY, USA). | Accelerometers were not defined. |
Placement | 1 on each wrist. | 1 on each wrist. | 1 on each wrist. | 1 around each wrist. | 1 on each wrist. | 1 on each wrist. | 1 on each wrist. | 1 on each arm. |
Wearing time | 3 days during all waking hours, except when in contact with water. | Single 24 h period, except for times when the devices would be exposed to water. | Single 24 h period. | Continuously for 3 days. | All day (not specified by authors for how long). | 3 days on admission for rehabilitation and 3 weeks later prior to discharge. Could remove at night. | 3 days before/after the intervention, except when in contact with large amounts of water. | 3 days before and after each phase of the treatment. |
Participants | 222 | 34 | 31 | 45 | 51 | 60 | 20 | 6 |
Age | 62.2 ± 13.0 | 63.9 ± 14.8 (range: 39–94) | 65 ± 14 | 59.4 ± 9.2 (range: 39–80) | 55.26 ± 10.31 | 61.0 ± 13.3 | 55.51 ± 11.17 | 56.9 ± 9.8 |
Men (%) | 64 | 41 | 71 | 64 | 67 | 68 | 60 | 83 |
Time since stroke | 3-12 months | 9.3 ± 4.2 days | 10.6 ± 6 days | 2.6 ± 1.6 years | 17.57 ± 13.43 months | 33.4 ± 2.7 days | 23.90 ± 13.39 months | 5.1 ± 6.8 years |
Setting | Outside the laboratory. | During in-patient rehabilitation. | Normal community-dwelling activity. | Normal community-dwelling activity. | Normal community-dwelling activity. | Normal community-dwelling activity. | Normal community-dwelling activity. | Normal community-dwelling daily activity. |
Accelerometer activity measures | The ratio of duration of more- to less-impaired arm activity. Duration of less-impaired-arm activity as a% of the recording period (the number of epochs in the less-impaired arm data with above-threshold values divided by the total number of epochs). | Duration of impaired and unimpaired upper extremity usage during a 24 hr period. | (1) Duration of arm use, (2) The ratio of arm use duration between the more and less affected arm (AMR). | (1) The total sum of acceleration counts during waking hours divided by the number of waking hours. (2) Bilateral arm activity: the ratio of the sum of daytime accele-ration of the impaired arm to the unimpaired arm. | Ratio of affected to unaffected arm recordings. | The mean activity counts for the upper extremity for 1) an entire day, 2) a PT session, 3) an OT session and 4) daily use not including the OT/PT sessions. | Ratio of mean activity between the impaired and unimpaired arm. | The ratio of more-affected to less-affected arm recordings. |