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Aim
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To study the reliability and validity of the Motor Activity Log for assessing real-world quality of a movement scale (QOM) and amount of use scale (AOU) of the hemiparetic arm in stroke survivors.
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To determine the amount of arm use in people with hemiparesis post stroke during inpatient rehabilitation. To examine the relationships between upper extremity use, impairments and activity limitations.
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To investigate the correlations between arm motor impairment and real-world use. To analyse whether arm movement ratio (AMR) is correlated with impairment or duration of arm use. To assess the influence of motor impairment on self-care activities.
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To test whether triaxial arm accelerometry is a valid method to measure the amount of upper extremity activity in the daily life of adult stroke survivors.
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To investigate the criterion-related validity, responsiveness, and clinically important differences of the ABILHAND questionnaire in patients with stroke.
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To determine the change in daily use of the upper and lower extremities of stroke patients during subacute rehabilitation.
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To compare the effects of robot-assisted therapy on real-world arm activity and daily function in a dose-matched (in amount of hours) control treatment group.
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To determine whether patients with functionless hands would improve everyday use using a combination of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) and conventional techniques for regulating tone.
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Study design
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Multicenter clinical trial.
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Report.
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Cross-sectional study.
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Cross-sectional concurrent validity study.
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Validation and clinimetric study.
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Observational cohort.
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Prospective randomized controlled trial.
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Case series.
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Blinding
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Single-blinded (raters).
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No.
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No.
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Not reported.
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Blinded raters.
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No.
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Double-blinded
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No.
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Safety data
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Not reported.
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Not reported.
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Not reported.
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Not reported.
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Not reported.
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Not reported.
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Not reported.
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Not reported.
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Sensors
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Two-axial accelerometers (Manufacturing Technologies Inc., Fort Walton Beach, FL).
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Uni-axial accelerometers (model 7164–2.4 Activity Monitors, MTI Health Services, FL).
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Uni-axial ActiGraph GT1M Accelerometers (ActiGraph Inc., Pensacola, USA).
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Tri-axial watch-like, water-resistant accelerometers (Actiwatch AW7a).
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Accelerometers about the size of a large wristwatch. The type was not reported.
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Tri-axial accelerometers (ActicalTM, Mini Mitter Co).
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Tri-axial MicroMini-Motion logger (Ambulatory Monitoring, New York, NY, USA).
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Accelerometers were not defined.
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Placement
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1 on each wrist.
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1 on each wrist.
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1 on each wrist.
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1 around each wrist.
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1 on each wrist.
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1 on each wrist.
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1 on each wrist.
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1 on each arm.
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Wearing time
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3 days during all waking hours, except when in contact with water.
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Single 24 h period, except for times when the devices would be exposed to water.
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Single 24 h period.
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Continuously for 3 days.
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All day (not specified by authors for how long).
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3 days on admission for rehabilitation and 3 weeks later prior to discharge. Could remove at night.
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3 days before/after the intervention, except when in contact with large amounts of water.
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3 days before and after each phase of the treatment.
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Participants
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222
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34
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31
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45
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51
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60
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20
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6
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Age
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62.2 ± 13.0
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63.9 ± 14.8 (range: 39–94)
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65 ± 14
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59.4 ± 9.2 (range: 39–80)
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55.26 ± 10.31
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61.0 ± 13.3
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55.51 ± 11.17
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56.9 ± 9.8
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Men (%)
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64
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41
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71
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64
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67
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68
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60
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83
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Time since stroke
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3-12 months
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9.3 ± 4.2 days
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10.6 ± 6 days
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2.6 ± 1.6 years
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17.57 ± 13.43 months
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33.4 ± 2.7 days
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23.90 ± 13.39 months
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5.1 ± 6.8 years
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Setting
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Outside the laboratory.
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During in-patient rehabilitation.
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Normal community-dwelling activity.
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Normal community-dwelling activity.
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Normal community-dwelling activity.
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Normal community-dwelling activity.
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Normal community-dwelling activity.
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Normal community-dwelling daily activity.
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Accelerometer activity measures
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The ratio of duration of more- to less-impaired arm activity. Duration of less-impaired-arm activity as a% of the recording period (the number of epochs in the less-impaired arm data with above-threshold values divided by the total number of epochs).
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Duration of impaired and unimpaired upper extremity usage during a 24 hr period.
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(1) Duration of arm use, (2) The ratio of arm use duration between the more and less affected arm (AMR).
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(1) The total sum of acceleration counts during waking hours divided by the number of waking hours. (2) Bilateral arm activity: the ratio of the sum of daytime accele-ration of the impaired arm to the unimpaired arm.
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Ratio of affected to unaffected arm recordings.
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The mean activity counts for the upper extremity for 1) an entire day, 2) a PT session, 3) an OT session and 4) daily use not including the OT/PT sessions.
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Ratio of mean activity between the impaired and unimpaired arm.
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The ratio of more-affected to less-affected arm recordings.
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