Figure 4

Group mean instantaneous and average hip joint powers. (A) Group mean (± s.d.) Hip instantaneous powers for unimpaired controls, normalised to 101 points over a stride starting from left foot heel strike. (B) Group mean (± s.d.) hip instantaneous powers for hemiparetic walkers normalised to 101 points over a stride starting from paretic limb heel strike. (C) Group mean (± s.e.m.) positive and negative average hip powers during each of the transition-based phases of the gait cycle for unimpaired controls. (D) Group mean (± s.e.m.) positive and negative average hip powers during each of the transition-based phases of the gait cycle for hemiparetic walkers. For (C) and (D) the bars between each of the vertical dotted lines (indicating step-to-step transition events) represent average positive or negative power generated by each limb over the period between those transition events. ST - start of step-to-step transition; ET - end of step-to-step-transition; RTO - Right toe-off; RHS - right heel-strike; LTO - Left toe-off; PTO - paretic toe-off; NTO - non-paretic toe-off; NHS - non-paretic heel-strike. *Indicates significant difference between that average power value and the corresponding average power in the opposite panel, also marked with a *(i.e. a difference between unimpaired controls and hemiparetic groups); + indicates significant difference between that average power value and the equivalent average power in the same panel (i.e. a difference between paretic and non-paretic hips).