Table 3 Hip extensors-knee flexors and knee extensors muscle’s peak force values (mean ± standard deviation) normalized by body weight (BW) of diabetic neuropathy (DNG), diabetic (DG) and control (CG) groups during the gait cycle

Hip Extensors-

Knee Flexors

51.1 ±15.5^a

57.8 ±18.7^b

80.4 ±25.5^a,b

<0.001 ^*

(1x2) 0.390

(1x3) 1.389

(2x3) 1.011

<0.001 ^†

32.0 ±12.6^a

19.6 ±8.3^a

27.3 ±5.6 ^a

(1x2) 1.162

(1x3) 0.482

(2x3) 1.088

<0.001 ^†

0.3 ±0.8

0.7 ±2.5

3.45±9.0

(1x2) 0.216

(1x3) 0.493

(2x3) 0.416

0.072^†

20.4 ±6.1

15.6 ±5.6

15.1 ±11.3

(1x2) -0.820

(1x3) -0.584

(2x3) -0.056

0.060^†

1.42 ±2.4^a

0.17±0.5^b

6.1 ±8.2^a,b

(1x2) -0.721

(1x3) 0.775

(2x3)1.021

<0.001 ^†

5.6 ±1.9^a

4.3 ±1.5^a,b

6.0 ±1.6^b

(1x2) -0.759

(1x3) 0.228

(2x3) 1.096

<0.001 ^†

6.4±10.0^a

7.2±12.1^b

29.4±31.3^a,b

(1x2) 0.072

(1x3) 0.990

(2x3) 0.936

<0.001 ^†

62.0 ±13.6^a

45.1 ±13.7^a,b

68.5 ±9.7^b

(1x2) 1.238

(1x3) 0.550

(2x3) 1.971

<0.001 ^†

Knee Extensors

13.8 ±11.9^a

29.7 ±21.5^a,b

19.0 ±19.7^b

0.034 ^*

(1x2) 0.915

(1x3) 0.320

(2x3) -0.519

0.004 ^†

8.8 ± 7.8

17.8 ±13.2

11.8 ±11.7

(1x2) 0.830

(1x3) 0.302

(2x3) -0.481

0.293^†

6.6 ± 5.5^a

13.44 ±9.3^a,b

8.7 ±9.0^b

(1x2) 0.895

(1x3) 0.282

(2x3) -0.518

0.004 ^†

44.5 ± 17.7

51.93 ±21.5

52.9 ±22.1

(1x2) 0.377

(1x3) 0.420

(2x3) 0.044

0.941^†