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Table 2 Descriptive and inferential statistics of the primary outcomes (N = 38)

From: Effect of EMG-triggered neuromuscular electrical stimulation with bilateral arm training on hemiplegic shoulder pain and arm function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial

 

NMES-BAT (n = 19)

TENS-BAT (n = 19)

Repeated measure ANOVA

 

Pretreatment

Post-treatment

Follow-up

Pretreatment

Post-treatment

Follow-up

 

F

P

Partial η2

NRS-FRS at rest

0.68 ± 1.46

0 ± 0*

0 ± 0

0.42 ± 0.90

0.21 ± 0.54*

0.42 ± 0.84

Interaction

2.61

0.11

0.07

group

0.40

0.53

0.01

time

4.65

0.03*

0.11

NRS-FRS during shoulder AROM

3.89 ± 3.00

0.95 ± 1.18*

0.63 ± 0.83*#

3.11 ± 2.16

1.63 ± 1.38*

1.95 ± 1.84*

Interaction

5.84

0.01#

0.14

group

0.69

0.41

0.02

time

32.60

<0.001*

0.48

NRS-FRS during shoulder PROM

5.79 ± 2.10

2.26 ± 2.05*

2.11 ± 1.79*#

5.16 ± 1.54

3.05 ± 1.27*

3.84 ± 2.04*^

Interaction

11.83

<0.001#

0.25

group

1.48

0.23

0.04

time

79.27

<0.001*

0.69

BPI-SF question 3 worst pain

5.95 ± 1.99

2.58 ± 2.17*#

2.11 ± 1.76*#

5.21 ± 2.18

3.95 ± 1.58*

4.05 ± 2.04

Interaction

10.84

<0.001#

0.23

group

2.61

0.12

0.07

time

42.19

<0.001*

0.54

BPI-SF question 9 pain interference

1.10 ± 1.20

0.32 ± 0.54*

0.15 ± 0.30*

0.93 ± 0.84

0.44 ± 0.56*

0.42 ± 0.61*

Interaction

1.64

0.21

0.04

group

0.14

0.71

0.01

time

20.62

<0.001*

0.36

  1. All data are presented as mean ± SD. Abbreviations: NMES neuromuscular electrical stimulation, TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, BAT bilateral arm training, NRS-FRS Numerical Rating Scale supplemented with a Faces Rating Scale, BPI-SF short form of the Brief Pain Inventory, AROM active range of motion, PROM passive range of motion
  2. *Significantly different from the pretreatment time point (P < 0.05)
  3. ^Significantly different from the post-treatment time point (P < 0.05)
  4. #Significantly different from the TENS-BAT group (P < 0.05)