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Table 3 Descriptive and inferential statistics of the secondary outcome measures (N = 38)

From: Effect of EMG-triggered neuromuscular electrical stimulation with bilateral arm training on hemiplegic shoulder pain and arm function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial

 

NMES-BAT (n = 19)

TENS-BAT (n = 19)

Repeated measure ANOVA

Pretreatment

Posttreatment

Follow-up

Pretreatment

Posttreatment

Follow-up

 

F

P

Partial η2

FMA-UL

total score (0–66)

41.68 ± 20.17

45.74 ± 17.73*

46.05 ± 17.03*

45.37 ± 17.62

47.00 ± 16.06*

46.68 ± 16.45*

Interaction

3.04

0.08

0.08

group

0.11

0.74

0.003

time

12.60

<0.001*

0.26

FMA-UL proximal score (0–42)

29.47 ± 10.35

32.47 ± 7.97*

32.74 ± 7.38*

31.00 ± 7.78

32.21 ± 6.84*

31.89 ± 7.23*

Interaction

3.39

0.06

0.09

group

0.003

0.96

0.00

time

12.98

<0.001*

0.27

FMA-UL

distal score (0–24)

12.21 ± 10.47

13.26 ± 10.30*

13.32 ± 10.12

14.37 ± 10.26

14.79 ± 9.54*

14.79 ± 9.55

Interaction

0.75

0.42

0.02

group

0.28

0.60

0.01

time

3.88

0.05*

0.10

Pain-free passive ROM (degree)

shoulder abduction

140.26 ± 39.35

162.37 ± 23.42*

171.58 ± 14.73*#

121.84 ± 42.63

146.32 ± 34.27*

138.68 ± 35.62*

Interaction

2.93

0.08

0.08

group

5.23

0.03#

0.13

time

26.37

<0.001*

0.42

shoulder flexion

146.05 ± 34.38

166.84 ± 17.73*

172.11 ± 13.67*

141.84 ± 30.29

159.21 ± 22.44*

154.74 ± 25.36*

Interaction

1.86

0.18

0.05

group

1.93

0.17

0.05

time

19.81

<0.001*

0.36

shoulder external rotation

57.63 ± 21.17

70.00 ± 17.40*

74.74 ± 11.96*

55.26 ± 21.44

71.32 ± 15.97*

67.11 ± 17.82*

Interaction

1.79

0.18

0.05

group

0.32

0.58

0.009

time

24.25

<0.001*

0.40

shoulder internal rotation

67.63 ± 15.49

72.63 ± 11.83

76.32 ± 10.65*#

66.32 ± 21.01

66.32 ± 16.90

62.11 ± 17.10

Interaction

4.74

0.01#

0.12

group

2.57

0.12

0.07

time

0.85

0.43

0.02

  1. All data are presented as mean ± SD. Abbreviations: NMES neuromuscular electrical stimulation, TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, BAT bilateral arm training, FMA-UL the upper-limb subscale of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, ROM range of motion
  2. *Significantly different from the pretreatment (P < 0.05)
  3. #Significantly different from the TENS-BAT group (P < 0.05)
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Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 1743-0003

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