Fig. 1

VR scene used in the present experiment. a. The VR scene used in the experiment. The target (i.e. red ball) appeared 7 m away from the starting position and at the following 5 possible locations: ±15°/30°, 0° (centered target location illustrated). Navigation trials were performed while immersed in the VR scene under actual, remembered and shifting target conditions b. Bird-eye view of the VR scene illustrating the start position (0 m), the 5 possible target locations (7 m radius from start position), onset distance for target shift in the shifting target condition (1.5 m) and endpoint position (5 m radius from start position). Outcomes measures endpoint mediolateral displacement (MLD) error is shown for a navigation trial to the left target at − 15°