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Table 4 Assessment of agreement among the reviewers on the ratings of PEDro scale using Cohen’s kappa

From: The effects of error-augmentation versus error-reduction paradigms in robotic therapy to enhance upper extremity performance and recovery post-stroke: a systematic review

 

Eligibility criteria specified

Randomized allocation

Concealed allocation

Baseline similarity

Blinded subjects

Blinded therapists

Blinded assessors

Adequate follow-up

Intention to treat analysis

Comparison between groups

Point estimates and variability

Kappa (mean/SE)

0.629 ± 0.331

0.755 ± 0.228

− 0.083 ± 0.059a

0.567 ± 0.273

0.270 ± 0.234

0.316 ± 0.253

0.698 ± 0.187

0.025 ± 0.212

0.316 ± 0.175

1.000 ± 0.000

0.161 ± 0.275

95% Confidence Interval (CI)

−0.021 to 1.000

0.307 to 1.000

−0.198 to 0.032

0.032 to 1.000

−0.190 to 0.729

− 0.179 to 0.811

0.330 to 1.000

− 0.390 to 0.440

−0.027 to 0.659

1.000 to 1.000

−0.378 to 0.700

Observed agreement percentage (P0)

92.31%

92.31%

84.62%

84.62%

61.54%

76.92%

84.62%

53.82%

61.54%

100.00%

69.23%

Expected agreement percentage (Pe)

79.29%

68.64%

85.80%

64.50%

47.34%

66.27%

49.11%

52.66%

43.79%

73.96%

63.31%

  1. aThe kappa score for this item was negative despite having a high number of agreement. This occurred because the expected agreement percentage was greater than the observed agreement percentage