Table 2 Baseline comparisons between participant characteristics for early responders and non-early responders

Age, years^a

83.5 ± 6.5 [65–93]

82.3 ± 6.0 [70–94]

Females^b

23 (74.2)

14 (66.7)

Mini-Mental State Examination, score^a

21.4 ± 2.8 [17–26]

23.0 ± 2.4 [17–26]

Diagnoses^a

7.5 ± 3.4 [1–17]

7.5 ± 4.1 [1–17]

Medications^a

7.3 ± 3.3 [0–13]

8.1 ± 3.6 [0–14]

Timed Up and Go, s^c

14.8 [9.8–52.7]

13.9 [6.5–51.2]

Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment, score^a

22.2 ± 4.0 [12–28]

23.1 ± 3.9 [15–28]

5-chair stand test, s

14.8 ± 7.6 [6.8–39.1]

13.5 ± 5.1 [7.2–29.4]

Geriatric Depression Scale, score^c

2 [0–9]

2 [0–8]

Falls Efficacy Scale-International, score^c

8 [7–13]

8 [7–19]

Fall in the previous year

13 (41.9)

8 (38.1)

 Total score

70.7 ± 8.7 [54–87]

77.2 ± 12.0 [54–87]

 Verbal fluency

9.7 ± 3.7 [3–17]

11.3 ± 3.5 [4–18]

 Boston Naming Test

9.9 ± 2.7 [5–15]

11.0 ± 2.4 [5–14]

 Word list memory

10.5 ± 3.1 [4–16]

11.2 ± 3.8 [5–16]

 Word list recall

2.1 ± 1.8 [0–6]

2.0 ± 1.8 [0–5]

 Word list recognition

6.1 ± 2.7 [1–10]

7.1 ± 2.4 [2–10]

 Constructional praxis

7.0 ± 2.3 [2–11]

8.7 ± 1.8 [6–11]

 Constructional recall

1.7 ± 2.1 [0–7]

2.3 ± 2.2 [0–6]

 Phonemic fluency

6.8 ± 3.1 [0–15]

6.7 ± 4.0 [0–16]

TMT-NAI, s^c

114 [35–300]

57 [32–300]

DST-NAI score^a

8.6 ± 1.3 [6–11]

9.2 ± 1.0 [7–11]

Dual-task performance (DTC_combined)_, %^a

−36.1 ± 22.3 [− 82.5- -0.4]

−24.0 ± 16.8 [− 54.0- -0.2]

 FTBT^c

37.6 [18.5–121.1]

21.2 [17.1–31.5]

 PTMT-L1^c,d

15.6 [5.8–136.1]

8.2 [5.3–19.8]

 PTMT-L2^c,e

24.7 [10.3–57.3]

15.8 [10.5–21.5]

 PTMT-L3^a,f

34.7 ± 12.4 [21.6–64.5]

22.4 ± 6.4 [13.2–37.6]

 PTMT-L4^a,g

61.5 ± 16.2 [37.8–91.4]

44.9 ± 12.0 [31.6–67.5]

 PTMT-L5^a,h

66.4 ± 8.7 [52.6–75.1]

53.7 ± 10.7 [39.1–76.9]

Training adherence at TS7^a

81.1 ± 20.3 [42.9–100]

76.7 ± 20.9 [33.3–100]