Table 2 Clinical Data in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

[23] Floyd A. G. et al. (2007)

Multy-centered study

To analyze the UL motor physiology

Laboratory

NP-C

25 ± 10

1) = > 12 years of age, 2) confirmed diagnosis of NP-C by abnormal cholesterol esterification and abnormal filipin staining

1) concurrent enrolment in other clinical trials, 2) drugs or diet supplements, interfering with digestive absorption of study medication, 3) significant history of gastrointestinal disorders, HIV or hepatitis, 4) not comply with study procedures

EDSS

[22] Gordon A. M. et al. (2007)

Single-blinded randomized control study

To examine the efficacy of the HABIT

Summer camp

UCP

Total sample = 9.6 ± 6.0, HABIT = 4.5–13.7, CG = 3.9–10.6

1) ability to extend the wrist> 20° and the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints> 10° from full flexion, 2) JTHF: > 50% difference between the involved and the non-involved hand, 3) ability to lift the involved arm> 6 in., 4) BBIT = mean score +/− <  1DS

1) health problems unassociated with CP, 2) current/untreated seizures, 3) visual problems interfering with the intervention or testing, 4) MAS > 3.5, 5) orthopaedic surgery on the involved upper extremity, 6) dorsal rhizotomy, 7) botox therapy in the UL in the prior 6 months or within the period of study, 8) intrathecal baclofen.

AHA, BOT-2, CFUS, JTHF

[29] Strohrmann C. et al. (2013)

Longitudinal study

i) to monitor children activities in daily life, ii) to evaluate the use of body worn sensors for motor assessment in children

Laboratory

CP (2), acquired stroke (2)

10.5 ± 2,12

1) neurological diagnosis leading to stationary stay, 2) age = 5–18 years, 3) cognitive ability to understand the aim of the tasks

NA

Motor Capacity Assessment

[20] Zoccolillo L. et al. (2015)

Cross-sectional experimental quantitative study

i) to monitor physical activity during VGT vs conventional therapy, ii) to quantify if VGT enhances number of movements

Outpatient + inpatient

UCP

6,6 ± 1,4

1) UCP, 2) 4–14 yrs., 3) GMFCS: I-IV, 4) any Xbox with Kinect at home.

1) IQ < 35, 2) severe comorbidities, 3) incapacity to stand, even with an external support.

QUEST, ABILHAND-kids

[18] Sokal B. et al. (2015)

Cross sectional, observational design

i) to evaluate the UL activity, ii) to compare the use of the affected arm between children and adult with hemiplegia

Not reported

UCP

3.9 ± 1.7

NA

1) serious or recurring medical complications, 2) spasticity medication within the last 3 months, 3) previous paediatric CIMT, 4) fixed contractures in the affected-arm, 5) invalid accelerometer records (insufficient time, only 1 wrist, unrealistic records, malfunction)

PMAL-R, PAFT

[26] Bergamini E. (2014)

Three experimental sessions

i) to identify a biomechanical performance indicators of wheelchair propulsion, ii) develop and assess the efficacy of a specific training program

Basketball court

Paraplegia (4), myelomeningocele (3), poliomyelitis (2), spastic diplegia (1), below-knee amputation (1), knee arthroprothesis (1)

Total sample = 17.1 ± 2.7, EG = 13–20, CG = 12–20

At least two years of previous wheelchair basketball experience.

Medical contraindications

NA

[32] Kaneko M. et al. (2016)

Observational study

i) to establish a quantitative evaluation system of soft neurological signs

Laboratory

ADHD

7–11

1) patients of the Kurume University Hospital, 2) positive DSM-IV criteria for ADHD diagnosis, 3) WISC-III > 70

NA

NA

[33] Le Moing A.G. et al. (2016)

Observational study

i) to highlight the feasibility of quantifying the range of upper limb movements

Laboratory

DMD

18.5+/− 5.5

1) patients of the Institute of Myology, 2) age > 10 years old, 3) non-ambulant, 4) able to sit for at least 3 h in the wheelchair

1) cognitive impairment, 2) occurrence of neurological/inflammatory/infectious/endocrine/acute orthopaedic disease in the precious month, 3) scheduled surgery within 3 weeks of inclusion date, 4) surgery of the upper limbs in the previous three months

MyoSet (MyoPinch, MyoGrip and MyoPlate), BBT, Minnesota Test

[30] O’Neil M.E. et al. (2016)

Observational study

i) to evaluate the inter-instrument reliability and concurrent validity of 3 accelerometer-based motion sensors for measuring PA intensity

Clinical standardized setting

CP: hemiplegia (29), diplegia (26), quadriplegia (3)

12.5 ± 3.3

1) GMFCS = I-III, 2) ambulatory children, 3) 6–20 years old, 4) able to follow instructions and protocol directions, 5) able to wear 3 pairs of accelerometers and 1 portable indirect calorimeter.

1) recent musculoskeletal injuries, limiting their PA levels, 2) orthopaedic surgery within the precious 6 months, 3) botulinum toxin or phenol injections within the previous three months, 4) previous unstable medical conditions limiting PA levels, 5) unstable emotional or behavioural status.

NA

[37] Cocker-Bolt P. et al. (2016)

Prospective pre-test/post-test study

To determine the feasibility and use accelerometers before, during and after a CIMT program

Outpatient + Laboratory

UCP

4.9 ± 1.33

1) UCP, 2) able to use the affected UL as a gross assist during play and self-care activities, 3) no significant developmental delays, 4) ambulatory, 5) no additional health impairments

1) significant intellectual disabilities, 2) seizure disorders, 3) botulinum toxin injections in the previous 6 months

MA2