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Table 3 Specific power, specific force/torque and the efficiency of rotary motors, linear motors and pneumatic piston-coil systems used by the orthoses of this review. Human muscle performance given as reference. Asterisk-tagged values are from external literature, since these data were not provided in the retrieved literature
| Rotary motor with transmission (#1, #4) [38,39,40,39,, 47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56] | Linear motor (#7) [59] | Pneumatic piston-coil (#8) [60,61,62,63,64] | Human muscle * [83, 84] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specific power [W/kg] | 117.5 (±3.7) | 387.30 | 76.3 | 50 |
| Specific force/torque | 16.7 (±13.8) Nm/kg | 212.7 N/kg | 243.5 N/kg | 20 Nm/kg |
| Energy efficiency [%] | 55.8 (±4.2) | 85 * [85] | 20 * [86] | 35 |
