Fore-aft resistance applied at the center of mass using a novel robotic interface proportionately increases propulsive force generation in healthy nonimpaired individuals walking at a constant speed

Table 1 Spatiotemporal variables for the dominant limb (Mean + 95% CI) across all four fore-aft (FA) resistance levels

FA resistance level	10%	15%	20%	25%
Tied belt velocity (m/s)	1.13 [1.11 to 1.16]	1.06⁽¹⁾ [1.02 to 1.11]	1.06⁽¹⁾ [1.03 to 1.08]	1.06⁽¹⁾ [1.02 to 1.09]
Stance time (s)	0.69 [0.66 to 0.72]	0.69 [0.66 to 0.72]	0.67 [0.64 to 0.70]	0.65 ⁽²⁾ [0.63 to 0.68]
Stride time (s)	1.05 [1.00 to 1.09]	1.05 [1.00 to 1.11]	1.02 [0.96 to 1.08]	1.00 [0.95 to 1.06]
Trailing limb angle (^o)	24.3 [22.90 to 25.69]	25.4 [23.98 to 26.72]	26.7⁽¹⁾ [24.86 to 28.52]	27.4⁽¹⁾ [24.98 to 29.75]
Leading limb angle (^o)	−18.4 [−20.7 to −15.97]	−17.6 [−19.6 to − 15.48]	−15.6⁽²⁾ [− 17.8 to − 3.31]	−12.6⁽⁴⁾ [− 16.6 to − 8.49]

Note: All superscripts represent significant post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni corrections for each measure

ISSN: 1743-0003