Table 2 Approved open and closed loop stimulation devices for the treatment of epilepsy and reported efficacy
From: Neural stimulation systems for the control of refractory epilepsy: a review
Data | Vagus nerve stimulation | Vagus nerve stimulation | Thalamic stimulation | Responsive focus stimulation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Stimulation site | Left vagus nerve (neck) | Left vagus nerve (neck) | Anterior nuclei of the thalamus (bilaterally) | Epileptic focus (cortex) |
Stimulator placement | Subcutaneous, left pectoral/sub clavicular | Subcutaneous, left pectoral/sub clavicular | Subcutaneous, abdominal | Within the skull |
Stimulation mode | Open-loop 5 m off 30s on | Closed-loop based on detection of tachycardia | Open-loop 5 m on 1 m off | Closed-loop based on detection of ictal EEG patterns |
Seizure reduction | b30.43% at 12 months 62.68% at 6 years [73] | a66% at 13 months [106] | c41% at year 1 69% at year 5 [81] | 60% year 3 66% year 6 [87] |
Responder rate | b49% at time of last follow up | a59% at 13 months [106] | c43% at year 1 68% at year 5 [81] | 58% year 3 59% year 6 [87] |
Effectiveness of detection/prediction algorithm | None used | No results have been given | None used | No results have been given |