Movement kinematics and proprioception in post-stroke spasticity: assessment using the Kinarm robotic exoskeleton

Table 2 Parameter scores, Z scores, Task scores, and the proportion of participants from each group failing each parameter. A ‘fail’ is identified as a score falling outside of the 95% Confidence Interval of healthy controls

	Parameter data (median, range)		Z-score (median) & Task score (mean)		Proportion failed (%)
Parameter	No Spasticity	Spasticity	No Spasticity	Spasticity	No Spasticity	Spasticity
VGR
Posture Speed (m/s)	0.005 (0.003–0.018)	0.005 (0.001–0.026)	0.53	0.82	29	32
Initial Direction Angle (rad)	0.069 (0.037–0.211)	0.07 (0.033–1.20)	1.77	1.93	62	65
Speed Maxima Count	2.56 (1.65–4.46)	2.83 (1.97–11)	0.58	1.16	32	41
Movement time (s)	1.11 (0.70–1.72)	1.27 (0.96–4.20)	0.59	1.32	24	44
Path Length Ratio	1.22 (1.06–1.74)	1.22 (1.06–2.92)	1.70	1.5	53	47
Max Speed (m/s)	0.24 (0.14–0.32)	0.21 (0.13–0.33)	−0.09	− 0.61	3	21
VGR-affected Task Score	–	–	2.09	3.07	50	76
VGR-less affected Task Score	–	–	0.91	1.30	18	24
APM
Variability XY (m)	0.036 (0.023–0.13)	0.041 (0.021–0.11)	0.09	0.93	29	38
Shift XY (m)	0.053 (0.007–0.172)	0.058 (0.007–0.15)	0.50	0.71	9	15
Con/Exp XY	0.67 (0.047–1.25)	0.841 (0.036–1.40)	−0.72	−0.37	18	29
APM Task Score	–	–	1.49	1.78	24	41

ISSN: 1743-0003