EMG-based vibro-tactile biofeedback training: effective learning accelerator for children and adolescents with dystonia? A pilot crossover trial

Casellato, Claudia; Ambrosini, Emilia; Galbiati, Andrea; Biffi, Emilia; Cesareo, Ambra; Beretta, Elena; Lunardini, Francesca; Zorzi, Giovanna; Sanger, Terence D.; Pedrocchi, Alessandra

doi:10.1186/s12984-019-0620-y

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Table 2 Results of the statistical analysis

From: EMG-based vibro-tactile biofeedback training: effective learning accelerator for children and adolescents with dystonia? A pilot crossover trial

	Healthy subjects	Patients Group	BF+		BF-		P-value (Day)^a	P-value (Day x Block)^a	P-value (Dystonia)^b	P-value (Day) ^b	P-value (Day x Block)^b	P-value (Dystonia x Day x Block)^b
	Healthy subjects	Patients Group	D1	D5	D1	D5	P-value (Day)^a	P-value (Day x Block)^a	P-value (Dystonia)^b	P-value (Day) ^b	P-value (Day x Block)^b	P-value (Dystonia x Day x Block)^b
Time*Error ↓	0.052 (0.009)	I	0.068 (0.014)	0.057 (0.009)	0.061 (0.01)	0.056 (0.004)	< 0.001	0.050	0.965	0.002	0.700	0.136
Time*Error ↓	0.052 (0.009)	II	0.109 (0.067)	0.107 (0.056)	0.117 (0.071)	0.114 (0.079)	0.821	0.567	0.965	0.002	0.700	0.136
CV_speed ↓	0.162 (0.023)	I	0.258 (0.174)	0.246 (0.1)	0.244 (0.073)	0.205 (0.061)	< 0.001	0.001	0.019	< 0.001	0.061	0.258
CV_speed ↓	0.162 (0.023)	II	0.675 (0.267)	0.614 (0.285)	0.74 (0.296)	0.663 (0.227)	< 0.001	0.708	0.019	< 0.001	0.061	0.258
Diss_EL ↓	0.358 (0.075)	I	0.376 (0.104)	0.372 (0.113)	0.362 (0.095)	0.362 (0.098)	0.942	0.129	0.764	0.007	0.004	0.257
Diss_EL ↓	0.358 (0.075)	II	0.43 (0.092)	0.391 (0.107)	0.441 (0.186)	0.422 (0.088)	0.002	0.022	0.764	0.007	0.004	0.257
Diss_SHO ↓	0.345 (0.068)	I	0.424 (0.129)	0.374 (0.113)	0.397 (0.104)	0.363 (0.037)	< 0.001	0.125	0.154	< 0.001	0.004	0.209
Diss_SHO ↓	0.345 (0.068)	II	0.552 (0.134)	0.497 (0.198)	0.574 (0.215)	0.553 (0.152)	0.040	0.023	0.154	< 0.001	0.004	0.209
Repeatability (%) ↑	97.5 (1.2)	I	93.3 (5.4)	95.2 (1.6)	95 (1.9)	94.8 (3.6)	0.080	0.521	0.005	0.050	0.710	0.310
Repeatability (%) ↑	97.5 (1.2)	II	84.8 (6.6)	84.4 (9.7)	79.7 (5.8)	81 (8)	0.253	0.465	0.005	0.050	0.710	0.310
TCI_BIC ↑	0.423 (0.109)	I	0.40 (0.107)	0.414 (0.209)	0.444 (0.225)	0.452 (0.113)	0.502	0.877	0.098	0.414	0.175	0.124
TCI_BIC ↑	0.423 (0.109)	II	0.254 (0.137)	0.269 (0.082)	0.343 (0.118)	0.199 (0.118)	0.135	0.078	0.098	0.414	0.175	0.124
TCI_AD ↑	0.66 (0.102)	I	0.522 (0.104)	0.558 (0.114)	0.564 (0.099)	0.583 (0.132)	0.061	0.857	0.599	0.004	0.028	0.046
TCI_AD ↑	0.66 (0.102)	II	0.399 (0.188)	0.542 (0.11)	0.404 (0.172)	0.325 (0.185)	0.040	0.018	0.599	0.004	0.028	0.046
TCI_PD ↑	0.405 (0.15)	I	0.397 (0.109)	0.429 (0.125)	0.422 (0.183)	0.435 (0.094)	0.103	0.928	0.193	0.579	0.291	0.242
TCI_PD ↑	0.405 (0.15)	II	0.287 (0.082)	0.336 (0.081)	0.337 (0.084)	0.238 (0.108)	0.558	0.168	0.193	0.579	0.291	0.242

a) Linear mixed-model considering separately primary and secondary dystonia subjects. b) Linear mixed-model considering the whole sample. In red, p < 0.05

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