Effects of robot therapy on upper body kinematics and arm function in persons post stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Baseline values of clinical and nstrumented outcome measures for healthy subjects (HS_Group) and post-stroke subjects allocated to Robot group (R_Group) and Control group (C_Group)

Outcome measure	HS_Group	R_Group	C_Group	P-value
Outcome measure	(N = 10) Mean (SD)	(N = 19) Mean (SD)	(N = 19) Mean (SD)	P-value
Clinical
FM-UE (0–66)^b	–	35.3 (18.6)	28.1 (18.5)	0.238
P_FM-UE (0–42)^b	–	23.6 (9.7)	19.6 (11.2)	0.253
D_FM-UE (0–24)^b	–	11.7 (9.2)	8.4 (7.8)	0.244
RPS (0–36) ^b	–	18.9 (12.9)	12.4 (14.8)	0.156
P_MAS (0–8) ^c	–	1.9 (1.8)	2.3 (1.3)	0.229
D_MAS (0–12) ^c	–	2.8 (3.1)	3.0 (2.6)	0.516
FIM (18–126) ^b	–	99.9 (14.1)	92.0 (16.7)	0.124
Instrumental
Shoulder/Elbow Coordination Index (unitless) ^c	−0.92 (0.05)	−0.31 (0.65)^a	−0.33 (0.62)^a	< 0.001
Amount of Shoulder Flexion (deg) ^b	73.0 (9.3)	34.1 (19.8)^a	27.0 (29.0)^a	< 0.001
Amount of Elbow Extension (deg) ^c	−58.3 (11.8)	−12.7 (30.5)^a	−17.9 (35.2)^a	< 0.001
Trunk Compensation Index – Sagittal Plane (deg) ^c	3.3 (1.8)	9.3 (4.5)^a	9.2 (6.2)^a	0.006

SD standard deviation, FM-UE Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment for the Upper Extremities, P_FM-UE and D_FM-UE proximal and distal portion of FM-UE, RPS Reaching Performance Scale, MAS Modified Ashworth Scale, P_MAS and D_MAS MAS for proximal and distal muscles, FIM Functional Independence Measure. P-values indicate the results of the comparison between R_Group and C_Group (independent sample t-test) and among HS_Group, R_Group and C_Group (one-way ANOVA).
^astatistically significant different with respect to HS_Group (Bonferroni-Holm post hoc test)
^bHigher scores indicate better performance
^cLower scores indicate better performance

ISSN: 1743-0003