Fig. 2
From: Neurophysiological validation of simultaneous intrinsic and reflexive joint impedance estimates
Parallel-cascade joint impedance model with intrinsic and reflexive pathway. The intrinsic pathway was modelled as a 2nd-order mass-spring-damper system with parameters: inertia I, damping B and stiffness K. The reflexive pathway was modelled based on the 40 ms delayed, half-wave rectified velocity using 2nd-order muscle activation dynamics and a parameter for reflexive gain G