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Table 2 Group averages for gait speed, intersegmental trajectory area, and Sobolev norm values

From: Walking with robot-generated haptic forces in a virtual environment: a new approach to analyze lower limb coordination

Group

Outcome

Preforce

10 N force

Postforce

Preforce

15 N force

Postforce

Cane

 

Gait speed (m/s)

0.27 ± 0.12

0.31 ± 0.13

0.31 ± 0.14*

0.24 ± 0.08

0.29 ± 0.09

0.30 ± 0.10*

0.31 ± 0.15

LF

Area (deg2)

6.2 ± 3.0/1.6 ± 1.1

7.6 ± 4.0/1.9 ± 0.9

7.7 ± 4.2/1.9 ± 0.9

5.9 ± 2.4/1.6 ± 0.7

6.9 ± 2.6/1.9 ± 1.1

7.3 ± 2.8/2.2 ± 1.0

6.4 ± 3.5/1.9 ± 0.8

 

Sobolev norm

26.6 ± 6.9/14.4 ± 4.5

28.6 ± 7.7/15.8 ± 3.1

28.6 ± 9.5/16.1 ± 3.0

26.2 ± 6.9/13.4 ± 3.2

27.6 ± 6.1/15.3 ± 3.8*

28.3 ± 7.3/17.0 ± 4.3*

29.1 ± 9.5*/15.9 ± 3.5*

 

Gait speed (m/s)

0.63 ± 0.32

0.74 ± 0.35*

0.68 ± 0.36

0.66 ± 0.36

0.77 ± 0.38

0.73 ± 0.39

0.68 ± 0.36

HF

Area (deg2)

12.8 ± 7.5/8.9 ± 6.9

14.2 ± 7.9/9.8 ± 7.3

13.3 ± 8.2/9.5 ± 7.0

13.1 ± 7.9/9.0 ± 7.4

15.0 ± 8.4*/9.5 ± 7.5

15.5 ± 8.8/10.2 ± 7.7

13.4 ± 8.7/9.7 ± 7.4

 

Sobolev norm

38.0 ± 12.9/31.5 ± 14.4

41.5 ± 14.2/33.7 ± 14.7

40.6 ± 18.2/33.1 ± 14.6

37.9 ± 15.2/31.3 ± 15.6

41.7 ± 15.6*/33.6 ± 15.3

41.1 ± 15.6/34.2 ± 14.7

38.5 ± 15.5/32.4 ± 15.3

 

Gait speed (m/s)

1.00 ± 0.34

1.13 ± 0.30*

1.14 ± 0.30

1.07 ± 0.33

1.19 ± 0.34*

1.15 ± 0.35

1.08 ± 0.37

CG

Area (deg2)

19.4 ± 5.9/19.3 ± 7.0

21.1 ± 5.8/21.6 ± 7.1*

22.6 ± 6.9/22.0 ± 8.0

20.4 ± 5.4/20.5 ± 7.2

21.0 ± 6.4*/22.6 ± 7.6

21.9 ± 5.3/22.6 ± 8.9

20.9 ± 7.3/21.7 ± 7.7

 

Sobolev norm

47.5 ± 8.4/47.3 ± 9.7

51.3 ± 7.2*/50.9 ± 8.6*

51.6 ± 7.0/50.7 ± 8.0*

48.5 ± 6.8/48.9 ± 8.8

50.8 ± 6.3*/51.6 ± 8.1*

51.8 ± 7.5/51.3 ± 8.6

49.8 ± 8.9/49.1 ± 9.1

  1. a: Average and standard deviation values for gait speed, lower limb intersegmental surface area, and Sobolev norm values for nonparetic/paretic (LF and HF) and dominant/non-dominant (CG) sides for pre-force, force, post-force epochs in 10 and 15 N leash conditions as well as the cane condition. Statistical significance is denoted by * (p < 0.05) and is relative to pre-force values