Measure | Subscale | No VRa | Semi-immersive VRa (monitor) | Immersive VRa (HMD) | p | Cohen’s d | t | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moodb | 8.29 (1.20) | 8.38 (1.61) | 8.71 (1.49) | .580 | 0.56 | |||
Motivationb | 8.36 (1.15) | 8.08 (1.32)e | 8.50 (2.31) | .618 | 0.49 | |||
IMI | Interest/Enjoyment | 4.38 (0.89) | 4.76 (0.49) | .212 | 0.35 | − 1.31 | ||
Perceived Competence | 4.36 (0.96) | 4.57 (1.33) | .336 | − 0.27 | − 1 | |||
Effort/ Importance | 3.26 (1.41) | 3.47 (1.10) | .637 | 0.13 | − 0.48 | |||
Pressure/ Tension | 3.34 (0.56) | 3.43 (0.51) | .708 | 0.10 | − 0.38 | |||
Sense of timec | 8.43 (1.99) | 8.00 (2.88) | 8.00 (1.92) | .800 | .23 | |||
VR-questionsd | “The virtual environment was motivating for me” | 7.50 (2.93) | 8.43 (2.31) | .202 | 0.36 | − 1.34 | ||
“I felt present in the virtual environment” | 5.86 (3.11) | 7.64 (2.10) | .032* | 0.64 | − 2.41 | |||
“I paid attention to my natural gait during the treadmill training” | 4.50 (3.61) | 4.79 (3.04) | 5.93 (3.67) | .281 | 1.33 | |||
IPQ | Spatial Presence | − 0.44 (1.44) | 1.03 (0.94) | .008* | 0.83 | − 3.12 | ||
Involvement | − 0.34 (0.85) | 0.63 (0.84) | .009* | 0.81 | − 3.06 | |||
Experienced Realism | − 0.70 (1.01) | 0.07 (1.15) | .001* | 1.18 | − 4.39 | |||
General | − 1.21 (2.01) | 0.79 (2.12) | .003* | 0.98 | − 3.67 | |||
SSQf | Nausea | 7.50 (8.52) | 10.90 (12.88) | |||||
Oculomotor | 10.29 (14.45) | 11.37 (11.80) | ||||||
Disorientation | 5.97 (10.52) | 10.94 (14.63) | ||||||
Total | 9.62 (12.16) | 12.82 (11.98) | ||||||
RTLX | Mental Demand | 5.71 (8.29) | 10.00 (15.57) | 17.14 (18.37) | .014* | 5.06 | ||
Physical Demand | 10.36 (13.79) | 20.71 (17.31) | 21.79 (20.53) | .030* | 4.05 | |||
Temporal Demand | 6.43 (12.16) | 12.86 (15.53) | 11.43 (11.10) | .057 | 3.20 | |||
Effort | 15.71 (17.64) | 18.21 (20.90) | 19.29 (21.91) | .737 | 0.31 | |||
Performance | 11.07 (13.47) | 21.43 (21.16) | 21.43 (22.82) | .114 | 2.36 | |||
Frustration | 2.14 (5.79) | 5.36 (8.87) | 4.29 (7.30) | .295 (GG-corrected) | 1.23 | |||
Borg Scale | 8.57 (1.60) | 9.79 (2.55) | 9.71 (2.73) | .075 | 2.86 | |||
SUS | Total | 84.29 (14.29) | 83.21 (18.28) | .830 | .06 | .22 |