Resting motor threshold in the course of hand motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review

Veldema, Jitka; Nowak, Dennis Alexander; Gharabaghi, Alireza

doi:10.1186/s12984-021-00947-8

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Table 3 Resting motor threshold of the affected and the non-affected hemisphere (means) and laterality quotients (means) of studies included in the review

From: Resting motor threshold in the course of hand motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review

Targeted muscle, stimulator type, coil type	Interventions/groups	Baseline			1. Follow up			2. Follow up			1. Follow up—baseline changes			2. Follow up—baseline changes			Healthy controls			References
Targeted muscle, stimulator type, coil type	Interventions/groups	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	D	ND	LQ	References
FDI, MS-200, RC	Na		95																	Nascimbeni et al. [60]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	55	68	−11	50	56	−6				−5	−12	5				48	48	0	Delvaux et al. [61]
FDM, NS-eX, na	Na	38	55	−18																Freundlieb et al. [62]
TM, MS-200, RC	Na	57	79	−16																Trompetto et al. [37]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	56	68	−10													55	54	1	Di Lazzaro et al. [63]
APB, MP-X100, F8C	Na	47	68	−18																Du et al. [27]
ECR, MS-200, F8C	(1) Anodal tDCS		70			66			65			−4			−5					Sattler et al. [30]
ECR, MS-200, F8C	(2) Sham tDCS		62			57			56			−5			−6					Sattler et al. [30]
APB, MP-X100, F8C	Na		73																	Du et al. [64]
APB, MS-BS, RC	Na	58	66	−6													62			Huynh et al. [28]
APB, MS-200, F8C	Na		67																	Volz et al. [65]
APB, ML-200, F8C	(1) CT		70			68						–2								El Helow et al. [66]
APB, ML-200, F8C	(2) CIMT		70			61						−9								El Helow et al. [66]
APB, MP-X100, F8C	(1) Sham rTMS	62	74	−9	68	66	1	72	67	4	6	−8	10	10	−7	12				Blesneag et al. [67]
APB, MP-X100, F8C	(2) 1 Hz rTMS	53	63	−9	79	66	9	70	68	1	26	3	18	17	5	10				Blesneag et al. [67]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	51	93	−29	50	85	−26	48	76	−23	−1	−8	3	−3	−17	7				Birchenall et al. [68]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C	Na	42	64	−21	43	57	−14	45	57	−12	1	−7	7	3	−7	9				Swayne et al. [34]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	(1) Anodal tDCS	37	60	−24	37	48	−13				0	−12	11							Khedr et al. [69]
	(2) Cathodal tDCS	34	60	−28	33	51	−21				−1	−9	6
	(3) Sham tDCS	35	63	−29	34	59	−27				−1	−4	2
FDI, MS-BS, F8C	Na	59															51	51	0	Bütefisch et al.[70]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	44	95	−37	39	93	−41	37	93	−43	−5	−2	−4	−7	−2	−6	42			Prashanta et al. [71]
FDI, MS-R, F8C	Na	79																		Lee et al. [72]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	(1) VRT	60	91	−21	59	90	−21	62	90	−18	−1	−1	0	2	−1	2				Yarossi et al. [73]
APB, MP-X100, F8C	(1) 1 Hz rTMS + AO	70			71						1									Noh et al. [74]
APB, MP-X100, F8C	(2) 1 Hz rTMS	67			73						6									Noh et al. [74]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C	Na	47	74	−22	51	66	−13	52	59	−6	4	−8	9	5	−15	16	54			Takechi et al. [75]
FDI, NS-eX, F8C	Na	57	69	−10	57	67	−8				0	−2	1							Lioumis et al. [76]
ADM, MS-BS, F8C	Na	59	69	−8													59	59	0	Cincinelli et al. [77]
FDI, MS-RS, F8C	Na	60	66	−5																Lüdemann-Podubecká et al. [78]
FDI, MS-RS, F8C	Na	60	92	−21																Veldema et al. [38]
APB, MS-200, F8C	Na	55	89	−24	54	83	−21				−1	−6	2							Platz et al. [79]
FCU, MS-BS, F8C	Na		64																	Renner et al. [80]
ECR, MP-R30, RC	Na		53															51		Kim et al. [22]
FDI, MS-R, F8C	(1) TBS	54	54	0	55	50	5				1	−4	5				54	54	0	Khan et al. [81]
	(2) NMES	54	54	0	54	49	5				0	−5	5
	(3) TBS + NMES	50	54	−4	54	43	11				4	−11	15
ADM, MS-200, RC	Na	48	70	−19	47	63	−15	45	61	−15	−1	−7	4	−3	−9	4				Traversa et al. [82]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na		62															43		Renner et al. [83]
FDI, MS-R, F8C	Na	60																		Seniòw et al. [84]
FDI, na, F8C	Na	63	86	−15													58	57	1	Brouwer et al. [25]
APB, MS-na, F8C	(1) PT	45	55	−10	45	57	−12	45	57	−12	0	2	−2	0	2	−2				Liepert et al. [119]
ADM, MS-R, F8C	Na	42	71	−26													47	48	−1	Cincinelli et al. [26]
FCR, MS-200, F8C	Na	50			50						0									Matsura et al. [86]
APB, MS-SR, F8C	Na	64	86	−15																Veldema et al. [44]
ECR, MP-na, F8C	Na		71																	Tarri et al. [87]
ADM, MS-R, F8C	Na	48	61	−12																Cincinelli et al. [88]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	45	45	0													42			Liepert et al. [89]
FDI, MS-R, F8C	Na	54	73	−15	56	67	−9				2	−6	6				67	70	−2	Grau-Sánchez et al. [90]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	42	56	−14													41			Kemlin et al. [91]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C	(1) < 6 months	47	51	−4													49	50	−1	Schambra et al. [92]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C	(2) > 6 months	46	56	−10													49	50	−1	Schambra et al. [92]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	(1) 1 Hz rTMS + iTBS	72	85	−8	74	78	−3	74	80	−4	2	−7	6	2	−5	4				Wang et al. [45]
	(2) iTBS + 1 Hz rTMS	71	78	−5	74	75	−1	76	76	0	3	−3	4	5	−2	5
	(3) Sham	75	88	−8	74	85	−7	72	86	−9	−1	−3	1	−3	−2	−1
EDC, MS-200, F8C	Na	47	61	−12	47	59	−11	49	66	−15	0	−2	1	2	5	−2				Sawaki et al. [123]
EDC, MS-200, F8C	(1) 3–9 months	52	65	−11	51	63	−10	52	62	−8	−1	−2	1	0	−3	2				Sawaki et al. [93]
EDC, MS-200, F8C	(2) > 12 months	44	55	−11	45	63	−17	46	53	−7	1	8	−6	1	−3	4				Sawaki et al. [93]
ECR, MS-SR, F8C	Na	56																		Theilig et al. [94]

Targeted muscle	Interventions/groups	Baseline			1. Follw up			2. Follw up			1. Follw up—baseline changes			2. Follw up—baseline changes			Healthy controls			References
Targeted muscle	Interventions/groups	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	NA	A	LQ	D	ND	LQ	References
APB, MS-R, F8C	Na	47	80	−26																Chervyakov et al. [95]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	(1) 1 Hz rTMS + iTBS	70	86	−10	72	80	−5	74	77	−2	2	−6	5	4	−9	8				Sung et al. [96]
	(2) Sham rTMS + iTBS	71	87	−10	71	88	−11	74	85	−7	0	1	−1	3	−2	3
	(3) 1 Hz rTMS + sham iTBS	71	84	−8	72	80	−5	70	81	−7	1	−4	3	−1	−3	1
	(4) Sham rTMS + sham iTBS	70	85	−10	71	86	−10	70	84	−9	1	1	0	0	−1	1
FDI, MS-NM-200, RC	Na	41	45	−4													43			Pennisi et al. [97]
ECR, MS-200, F8C	Na	43	48	−5																Borich et al. [24]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	67	77	−7																Bastings et al. [40]
ADM, MP-X100, PC	Na	37	50	−15																Cakar et al. [23]
FDI, MS-200, RC	Na	46	73	−23																Shiner et al. [31]
APB, MS-200, F8C	Na	47	44	3																Braun et al. [98]
Na, na, na	Na	53	63	−9													55			Cruz-Martínez et al. [99]
Hand, C-HS, RC	Na	65	69	−3	66	70	−3				1	1	0							Chouinard et al. [100]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	45	67	−20																Ackerley et al. [101]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na		65																	Takeuchi et al. [35]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	44	57	−13																Bestmann et al. [41]
ECR, MS-200, F8C	Na	48	85	−28																Stinear et al. [33]
FDI, APB, ADM, C-HS/MS-R, F8C	Na	73	88	−9	69	82	−9	67	81	−9	−4	−6	1	−6	−7	0				Koski et al. [21]
FDI, MS-R, F8C	Na		66			63						−3								Amengual et al. [124]
ADM, MS-200, F8C	Na	39	47	−9																Talelli et al. [102]
EDC, MS-BS, F8C	(1) CIMT	50	71	−17	48	73	−21				−2	2	−3							Wittenberg et al. [103]
EDC, MS-BS, F8C	(2) Control	50	72	−18	55	82	−20				5	10	−2							Wittenberg et al. [103]
ECR, MS-200, F8C	Na		59																	Milot et al. [104]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	42	44	−2													37	36	1	Guder et al. [42]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	43	46	−3	43	45	−2				0	−1	1							Liepert et al. [105]
FRC, BS-200, F8C	(1) PT		67			68			69			1			2					Marconi et al. [106]
FRC, BS-200, F8C	(2) RMV + PT		70			58			60			−12			−10
BB, BS-200, F8C	(1) PT		72			70			68			−2			−4
BB, BS-200, F8C	(2) RMV + PT		72			59			62			−13			−10
EDC, BS-200, F8C	(1) PT		68			67			71			−1			3
EDC, BS-200, F8C	nnnnnn RMV + PT		70			60			64			−10			−6
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	47	51	−4																Thickbroom et al. [36]
FCR, MP-X100, F8C	Na		84			81			80											Edwards et al. [20]
APB, MS-BS, F8C	Na	53																		Conforto et al. [107]
APB, MS-200, F8C	Na	53	60	−6																Palmer et al. [16]
APB, MS-200, F8C	Na	38	78	−34																Von Lewinski et al. [108]
ED, MS-R, F8C-AF	Na		52																	Carey et al. [109]
APB, MS-200, F8C	Na	51	55	−4													53	46	7	Gray et al. [110]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C	Na		53																	Kuppuswamy et al. [111]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C	Na	44	56	−12																Cassidy et al. [112]
FDI, na, F8C	Na	55	61	−5	54	61	−6	54	61	−6	−1	0	−1	−1	0	−1				Restemeyer et al. [113]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C	Na	48	47	1													51			Mooney et al. [114]
ECU, MS-BS, F8C	Na		67														53			Buetefisch et al. [115]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C	Na	46	76	−25																Silverstein et al. [32]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	52	60	−7																Takeuchi et al. [116]
APB, MS-na, F8C	Na	46	55	−10	45	55	−10				−1	−1	0							Liepert et al. [117]
ECR, MS-200, F8C	Na	46	72	−22													45	46	−1	Mang et al. [43]
FDI, MS-200, F8C	Na	39	62	−23																Werhahn et al. [39]
ECR, MS-SR-F8C	Na		87																	Miller et al. [29]
FDI, MS-na, F8C	Na	44	50	−6																Liu et al. [118]
]FDI, MS-na, F8C	Na		51			51						0								Liepert et al. [119]
FDI, MS-na, F8C	Na	46	49	−3														46		Liu et al. [118]
FDI, na, F8C	Na	63	76	−9													58	57	1	Brouwer et al. [25]
APB, MS-BS, F8C	Na	52															42	46	−5	Lewis et al. [121]
FPB, MS-BS, F8C	Na	54	76	−17													46	43	3	Berweck et al. [122]

A, affected hemisphere; ADM, abductor digiti minimi; AO, action observation; APB, abductor pollicis brevis; BB, musculus biceps brachii; C-HS, Cadwell high-speed stimulator; CIMT, constraint induced movement therapy; CT, conventional; D, dominant hemisphere; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; ECU, extensor carpi ulnaris; ED, extensor digitorum; EDC, extensor digitorum communis; FDI, first dorsal interosseous muscle; FDM, flexor digiti minimi; Hz, hertz; iTBS, intermittent theta burst stimulation; FCU, flexor carpi ulnaris; FPB, flexor pollicis brevis; FCR, flexor carpi radialis; F8C, figure-of-eight shaped coil; LQ, laterality quotient; MEP, motor evoked potentials; ML-200, Maglit—200 stimulator; MP-X100, Magpro—X100 stimulator; MP-R30, Magpro—R30 stimulator; MS-BS, Magstim—BiStim stimulator; MS-NM-200, Magstim—Novametric—2000; MS-SR, Magstim—Super Rapid stimulator; MS-R, Magstim—Rapid stimulator; MS-200, Magstim—200 stimulator; na, not available, not applicable; NA, non affected hemisphere; NDH, non-dominant hemisphere; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; NS-eX, Nexstim—eXimia stimulator; PC, parabolic coil; PT, physiotherapy; RC, round coil; rMT, resting motor threshold; rMV, repeated muscle vibration; rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; TM, thenar muscles

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