Proximal and distal movement patterns during a graphomotor task in typically developing children and children with handwriting problems

Table 4 Mean ± Standard deviation for the magnitude and dissimilarity, between drawing on the tablet and the joint movements.

Group	Copy					Trace
Group	Upper back	Shoulder	Elbow	Wrist	Fingers	Upper back	Shoulder	Elbow	Wrist	Fingers
Magnitude-horizontal
Control	0.158 ± 0.163	0.226 ± 0.213	0.354 ± 0.273	0.516 ± 2.289	1.014 ± 0.606	0.146 ± 0.133	0.210 ± 0.147	0.473 ± 0.263	0.711 ± 0.287	1.148 ± 0.296
Research	0.097 ± 0.071	0.154 ± 0.118	0.321 ± 0.207	0.544 ± 0.431	1.035 ± 1.413	0.175 ± 0.224	0.210 ± 0.265	0.416 ± 0.291	0.733 ± 0.513	0.987 ± 0.321
Magnitude-vertical
Control	0.133 ± 0.193	0.164 ± 0.140	0.358 ± 0.287	0.432 ± 0.173	0.806 ± 0.472	0.099 ± 0.079	0.144 ± 0.094	0.445 ± 0.304	0.704 ± 0.319	0.945 ± 0.313
Research	0.070 ± 0.070	0.085 ± 0.064	0.306 ± 0.157	0.421 ± 0.177	0.668 ± 0.183	0.068 ± 0.056	0.100 ± 0.075	0.369 ± 0.253	0.734 ± 0.359	1.049 ± 0.322
Dissimilarity (mm)–horizontal
Control	22.1 ± 11.0	19.9 ± 7.7	15.2 ± 7.7	9.7 ± 3.7	7.4 ± 1.7	23.0 ± 11.7	16.8 ± 5.7	14.0 ± 4.8	9.2 ± 3.8	6.5 ± 2.2
Research	30.2 ± 26.7	31.0 ± 16.5	16.3 ± 7.2	11.0 ± 4.0	8.6 ± 1.8	24.4 ± 13.0	30.4 ± 15.4	18.0 ± 9.1	12.6 ± 7.8	7.6 ± 3.3
Dissimilarity (mm)–vertical
Control	27.2 ± 16.7	22.3 ± 8.7	14.2 ± 3.9	11.8 ± 4.4	7.9 ± 2.0	27.4 ± 141	26.5 ± 13.0	16.1 ± 8.5	11.0 ± 5.4	6.5 ± 2.1
Research	41.3 ± 24.8	36.1 ± 23.1	15.0 ± 5.0	12.8 ± 7.7	9.0 ± 4.2	43.7 ± 47.4	30.2 ± 18.7	16.5 ± 10.9	10.2 ± 6.4	6.9 ± 2.6

ISSN: 1743-0003