Table 1 Physical and clinical characteristics of all participants

Sex (male/female)

20/11

22/24

16/18

0.283^a

Age (years)

69.10 ± 5.29

70.40 ± 5.60

68.82 ± 5.82

0.402^b

Height (cm)

159.46 ± 9.37

156.61 ± 8.62

159.40 ± 6.80

0.132^c

Body weight (kg)

60.59 ± 8.47

59.78 ± 8.11

61.62 ± 7.15

0.593^b

BMI (kg/m²)

23.80 ± 2.45

24.38 ± 2.72

24.24 ± 2.25

0.605^b

MMSE (scores)

27.84 ± 1.97

26.78 ± 2.02

27.56 ± 2.08

0.026^c

Disease duration (years)

8.39 ± 5.83

4.36 ± 3.61

–

< 0.001^d

Treatment duration (years)

7.62 ± 6.39

3.61 ± 3.56

–

0.001^d

L-Dopa equivalent dose (mg/day)

718.23 ± 332.75

468.59 ± 213.99

–

< 0.001^d

NFOGQ (scores)

12.32 ± 7.30

–

–

–

Hoehn and Yahr scale

2.61 ± 0.42

2.37 ± 0.43

–

0.017^d

UPDRS total (scores)

53.37 ± 14.52

45.59 ± 11.27

–

0.010^e

UPDRS part III (scores)

35.00 ± 8.92

33.90 ± 7.63

–

0.565^e

UPDRS-PIGD (scores)

1.13 ± 0.48

0.54 ± 0.31

–

< 0.001^d

More affected limb (left/right)

20/11

27/19

All right-handed

< 0.001^a