Fig. 1

A subgroup analysis of the effect of RAT with different total training time versus non-robotic therapy on outcome of FM-UE at the end-of-treatment. The subgroup analysis showed that RAT better improved the outcomes of FM-UE at the end-of-treatment than controls when the total training time was more than 15 h (SMD = 0.15, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.25, P = 0.005), and had no significant clinical benefit with the total training time ≤ 15 h (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI − 0.02 to 0.55, P = 0.07)