Author | No. of participants | Mean age (SD) | Recovery stage | Experimental Intervention | Control Intervention | Outcome Measures |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahmad et al. 2019 [30] | EG: 18 | 57 | Chronic | 1.5 h of standard physiotherapy exercise with 30 min VR training (once a week for 8 weeks) | 2 h of standard physiotherapy exercise (once a week for 8 weeks) | FMA-UE/WMFT/IMI/IADL/SIS |
CG: 18 | 62.94 | |||||
Aşkın et al. 2018 [31] | EG: 18 | 53.27 ± 11.19 | Chronic | 20 sessions of physical therapy + 20 sessions of Kinect-based VR training | 20 sessions of physical therapy | FMA-UE/BBT/BRS/MAS/MI/AROM |
CG: 20 | 56.55 ± 9.85 | |||||
Assis et al. 2016 [28] | EG: 3 | 50.5 | Chronic | EG sensory-motor training in using NeuroR system (4 weeks) | Having a relaxation session, instructed by the physiotherapist (4 weeks) | FMA-UE |
CG: 3 | 59.5 | |||||
Bergmann et al. 2017 [32] | EG: 10 | 62 ± 11 | Subacute | VR-augmented robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) 12 sessions (4 weeks, 3 sessions per week) | Standard RAGT 12 sessions (4 weeks, 3 sessions per week) | IMI/FAC/MRC |
CG: 10 | 65 ± 8 | |||||
Brunner et al. 2017 [33] | EG: 62 | 62 | Subacute | 60 min VR training (30 days, 4–5 sessions per week) | 60 min standard conventional therapy program (30 days, 4–5 sessions per week) | ARAT/BBT/FIM/PGIC |
CG: 58 | 62 | |||||
Byl et al.2013 [34] | EG: 10 | 65.2 ± 5.4 | Chronic | Perform repetitive movements while playing task-specific games (Twice a week for 6 weeks) | Repetitive task exercises involve stretching, and grasping (Twice a week for 6 weeks) | FMA-UE/WMFT/BBT |
CG: 5 | 54.2 ± 20.5 | |||||
Calabrò et al. 2017 [35] | EG: 12 | 60 ± 4 | Chronic | Lokomat with VR (RAGT + VR) | Lokomat without VR (RAGT-VR) | RMI/POMA/MAS/HRS/VAS |
CG: 12 | 63 ± 6 | |||||
Cameirão et al. 2011 [17] | EG: 10 | 56.8 | Acute | Perform the Spheroids tasks (Hitting, Grasping, and Placing) (Once a week for 3 weeks) | Perform pure extended occupational therapy (Once a week for 3 weeks) | FMA-UE/MBI/MRC/MI |
CG: 9 | 52.9 | |||||
Chen et al. 2015 [36] | EG: 8 | 58.2 ± 12.1 | Chronic | 30 min play bowling and ladder climbing games by XaviX®Port system (3 sessions per week for 8 weeks) | 30 min in use of Curamotion exerciser and the climbing board and bar (3 sessions per week for 8 weeks) | FMA-UE/FIM/BBT/ROM |
CG: 8 | 48.5 ± 16.4 | |||||
Cho et al. 2012 [37] | EG: 15 | 64.0 ± 7.1 | N/A | VR training (60 min sessions, 5 times a week, for 4 weeks) | Traditional rehabilitation (30 min sessions, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks) | WMFT/MVPT |
CG: 14 | 63.7 ± 8.8 | |||||
Choi et al. 2016 [38] | EG: 12 | 61.0 ± 15.2 | N/A | 30 min occupational therapy + 30 min MoU-Rehab (5 days per week for 2 weeks, 1 h per day) | 1 h occupational therapy (5 days per week for 2 weeks, 1 h per day) | FMA-UE/B-stage/MMT/MBI/EQ-5D/BDI |
CG: 12 | 72.1 ± 9.9 | |||||
Duff et al. 2013 [14] | EG: 11 | 69.27 ± 7.85 | Chronic | Adaptive mixed reality rehabilitation (AMRR) system (3 times a week for 4 weeks) | 1-h upper-extremity therapy (3 times a week for 4 weeks) | FMA-UE/WMFT/MAL/SIS |
CG: 10 | 67.7 ± 7.85 | |||||
El-Kafy et al. 2021 [39] | EG: 18 | 53.32 ± 5.13 | Chronic | 2 h muscle exercises, ADL tasks, and VR training program using Armeo Spring (3 times a week for 3 months) | 2 h conventional functional training program (3 times a week for 3 months) | ARAT/WMFT/HGS |
CG: 19 | 54.46 ± 4.27 | |||||
Faria et al. 2018 [40] | EG: 12 | 57.1 ± 11.0 | Chronic | Underwent training with the Reh@Task (for 1 month) | Conventional occupational therapy (for 1 month) | MoCA |
CG: 12 | 68.9 ± 9.8 | |||||
Ho et al. 2019 [41] | EG: 100 | 67.97 ± 11.38 | Acute | 40 min conventional therapy + 20 min VR program (7 times for 1 week) | 1 h conventional therapy only (7 times for 1 week) | mRS/NIHSS |
CG: 100 | 67.68 ± 11.13 | |||||
Hung et al. 2019 [42] | EG: 17 | 56.58 | Chronic | 30 min Kinect2scratch with 3–4 games per training session (2/3 sessions per week, total 24 sessions) | 30 min conventional therapy (2/3 sessions per week, total of 24 sessions) | FMA-UE/WMFT/MAL |
CG: 16 | 61.38 | |||||
Ikbali Afsar et al. 2018 [43] | EG: 19 | 69.42 ± 8.55 | Subacute | VR training using Xbox Kinect + conventional therapy (5 days per week, for 4 weeks) | Conventional rehabilitation program (5 days per week, for 4 weeks) | FMA-UE/BBT/FIM |
CG: 16 | 63.44 ± 15.73 | |||||
In et al. 2012 [44] | EG: 11 | 63.45 ± 11.78 | Chronic | 30 min VR reflection therapy (5 days a week for 4 weeks) | 30 min conventional therapy (5 days a week for 4 weeks) | FMA-UE/BBT/MAS/MFT |
CG: 8 | 64.50 ± 11.69 | |||||
Johnson et al. 2020 [45] | EG: 28 | 64.7 ± 13.9 | Chronic | 45 min Jintronix Rehabilitation System (2 times a week for 8 weeks) | Usual care (2 times a week for 8 weeks) | FMA-UE/ARAT/BBT/MAS |
CG: 30 | 59.3 ± 15.6 | |||||
Kalron et al. 2016 [46] | EG: 15 | 47.3 ± 9.6 | N/A | 30 min Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) Integrated Reality System with D-flow software (6 weeks, 2 sessions per week) | 10 min stretching exercises + 20 min intervention (6 weeks, 2 sessions per week) | FRT/BBT/FSST |
CG: 15 | 43.9 ± 10.6 | |||||
Kim et al. 2018 [47] | EG: 11 | VR: 54.7 ± 17.3 | Subacute | 30 min occupational therapy + 30 min daily VR (5 days per week for 10 weekdays) | 30 min occupational therapy (5 days per week for 10 weekdays) | FMA-UE/B-stage/BBT/K-MBI |
CG: 8 | CG:53.5 ± 16.0 | |||||
Kiper et al. 2011 [48] | EG: 40 | All: 64 ± 16.4 | Chronic | 1 h traditional neuromotor rehabilitation treatment + 1 h reinforced feedback in virtual environment therapy (5 days a week for 4 weeks) | 2 h traditional neuromotor rehabilitation treatment (5 days a week for 4 weeks) | FMA-UE/FIM/ASS |
CG: 40 | ||||||
Kiper et al. 2014 [49] | EG: 23 | 63.1 ± 9.5 | Chronic | 1 h VR treatment + 1 h conventional treatment (5 days per week for 4 weeks) | 2 h of conventional training (5 days per week for 4 weeks) | FMA-UE/FIM |
CG: 21 | 65.5 ± 14.2 | |||||
Kottink et al. 2014 [50] | EG: 8 | N/A | Chronic | 30 min VR rehabilitation game (Once per week for 6 weeks) | 30 min conventional training (Once per week for 6 weeks) | FMA-UE |
CG: 10 | ||||||
Lee et al. 2014 [51] | EG: 12 | 58.33 ± 10.17 | N/A | 30 min virtual reality reflection equipment (Asymmetric training on hand) + 1 h standard rehabilitation training (4 weeks) | 30 min symmetric training on hand + 1 h standard rehabilitation training (4 weeks) | FMA-UE/BBT/MAS/ROM |
CG: 12 | 65.42 ± 9.77 | |||||
Lee et al. 2016 [52] | EG: 13 | 66.46 ± 7.26 | Chronic | 30 min VR rehabilitation program (3 times per week for 8 weeks) | 30 min conventional training sessions (3 times per week for 8 weeks) | FMA-UE/MFT/BBT/MBI/ SF-12 |
CG: 13 | 69.92 ± 7.18 | |||||
Lee et al. 2018 [53] | EG: 15 | VR: 61.80 ± 6.80 | Subacute | VR canoe paddling training (30 min each day, 3 times per week, for 5 weeks) | Conventional rehabilitation program (30 min each day, 3 times per week, for 5 weeks) | mFRT// MFT |
CG: 15 | CG: 61.33 ± 8.44 | |||||
Levin et al. 2012 [54] | EG: 6 | 58.1 ± 14.6 | Chronic | VR therapy (goal-directed reaching tasks) (4 clinical evaluations + 9 intervention sessions) | Occupational therapy (4 clinical evaluations + 9 intervention sessions) | FMA-UE/BBT/WMFT/CSI |
CG: 6 | 59.8 ± 15.1 | |||||
Lin et al. 2018 [55] | EG: 5 | 45.0 ± 11.2 | N/A | 35 min VR game with a motion tracking device (12 sessions, 3 sessions per week) | 35 min traditional rehabilitation (12 sessions, 3 sessions per week) | FMA-UE |
CG: 5 | 52.2 ± 7.7 | |||||
Lin et al. 2020 [56] | EG: 38 | VR: 64.5 ± 13.5 | Acute | 3–6 days early rehabilitation + 5 days VR Training | 3–6 days early rehabilitation | MBI/PASS/HADS |
CG: 107 | CG: 66.9 ± 13.3 | |||||
ÖGÜN et al. 2019 [57] | EG: 33 | 61.48 ± 10.92 | Chronic | 60 min of the upper extremity immersive VR rehabilitation program | 45 min of conventional therapy and 15 min of a sham VR program | ARAT/FMA-UE/FIM/PASS |
CG: 32 | 59.75 ± 8.07 | |||||
Oh et al. 2019 [58] | EG: 17 | 57.4 ± 12.2 | Chronic | VR combined real instrument training (6 weeks) | Conventional occupational therapy (6 weeks) | MMT/mAS/FMA-UE/K-MMSE/K-MoCA/BBT |
CG: 14 | 52.6 ± 10.7 | |||||
Park et al. 2016 [59] | EG: 15 | 61.6 ± 5.34 | Chronic | 30 min game-based VR movement therapy using the Wii (5 days a week for 4 weeks) | 30 min conventional therapy (5 days a week for 4 weeks) | FMA-UE/BBT/MAL-QOM |
CG: 15 | 62.0 ± 4.29 | |||||
Park et al. 2019 [60] | EG: 12 | 53.5 ± 13 | Subacute | 30 min using Smart Board (20 sessions, 5 days per week, 4 weeks) | 30 min using conventional occupational therapy (20 sessions, 5 days per week, 4 weeks) | FMA-UE/WMFT/AROM/MBI |
CG: 13 | 51.5 ± 16.7 | |||||
Pedreira da Fonseca, 2017 [61] | EG: 15 | 53.8 ± 6.3 | Chronic | Use Nintendo Wii for VR therapy in 45 min + 15 min conventional therapy | 1 h conventional therapy | DGI |
CG: 15 | 50.9 ± 10.9 | |||||
Piron et al. 2010 [62] | EG: 27 | 59 ± 8 | N/A | Perform motor tasks with real objects by using 3D magnetic receiver to record movement (5 days per week for 4 weeks) | Perform specific exercises for the arm (5 days per week for 4 weeks) | FMA-UE/FIM |
CG: 23 | 62 ± 10 | |||||
Prange et al. 2015 [63] | EG: 35 | 60.3 ± 9.7 | Subacute | 30 min arm support training by using ArmeoBoom (Once per week for 6 weeks) | 30 min standardized sets of arm exercises + OT (Once per week for 6 weeks) | FMA-UE/SULCS |
CG: 33 | 58 ± 11.4 | |||||
Saposnik et al. 2010 [64] | EG: 11 | 55 | Chronic | Use the Nintendo Wii game console to play “Wii Sports” (20 h in 2 weeks) | Leisure activities, including cards, bingo and building blocks (20 h in 2 weeks) | WMFT/BBT/SIS |
CG: 113 | 67 | |||||
Saposnik et al. 2016 [65] | EG: 71 | 62 ± 13 | Acute | Non-immersive virtual reality using the Nintendo Wii (2 weeks) | Simple recreational activities (2 weeks) | WMFT/BBT/MBI/FIM/SIS |
CG: 70 | 62 ± 12 | |||||
Shin et al. 2013 [66] | EG: 9 | 46.6 ± 5.8 | N/A | RehabMaster™ | Conventional occupational therapy | FMA-UE/MBI |
CG: 7 | 52 ± 11.9 | |||||
Shin et al. 2014 [67] | EG: 9 | 52.0 ± 11.9 | N/A | Conventional occupational therapy + 20 min of RehabMaster training (10 sessions in 2 weeks) | Conventional occupational therapy (10 sessions in 2 weeks) | FMA-UE/MBI |
CG: 7 | 46.6 ± 55.8 | |||||
Shin et al. 2015 [68] | EG:16 | 53.37 ± 11.8 | Chronic | 30 min conventional therapy + 30 min of game-based VR rehabilitation with the RehabMasterTM system (5 days a week for 4 weeks) | 30 min of conventional therapy + additional 30 min therapy (5 days a week for 4 weeks) | FMA-UE/HDRS |
CG: 16 | 54.67 ± 13.4 | |||||
Shin et al. 2016 [69] | EG: 24 | 57.2 ± 10.3 | N/A | Smart glove intervention (4 weeks with 20 sessions for 30 min per day) | Conventional therapy (4 weeks with 20 sessions for 30 min per day) | FMA-UE/JTT |
CG: 22 | 59.8 ± 13 | |||||
Sin et al. 2013 [70] | EG: 18 | 71.78 ± 9.42 | Chronic | Xbox Kinect with 30 min + conventional OT for 30 min (3 times a week for 6 weeks) | 1 h conventional occupational therapy (3 times a week for 6 weeks) | FMA-UE/BBT/AROM |
CG: 17 | 75.59 ± 5.55 | |||||
Subramanian et al. 2013 [71] | EG: 16 | 62 ± 9.7 | Chronic | 3D virtual environment (CAREN system) simulated a supermarket scene (3 times a week for 4 weeks) | Point to the target in the physical environment (3 times a week for 4 weeks) | FMA-UE/WMFT/MAL-AS |
CG: 16 | 60 ± 11 | |||||
Thielbar et al. 2020 [72] | EG: 9 | 59.7 ± 10.5 | Chronic | Virtual Environment for Rehabilitative Gaming Exercises system (3 evaluation sessions) | Conventional therapy (3 evaluation sessions) | FMA-UE |
CG: 9 | 59.8 ± 4.8 | |||||
Tramontano et al. 2018 [73] | EG: 13 | 63.1 ± 8.5 | Subacute | 20 min vestibular rehabilitation (12 sessions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks) | 20 min conventional rehabilitation training (12 sessions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks) | MBT/FAC/BBS/RMI/T-total/T-balance |
CG: 12 | 65.1 ± 15.5 | |||||
Turolla et al. 2013 [29] | EG: 263 | 60.2 ± 14.3 | N/A | 1 h of upper limb conventional therapy and 1 h of VR therapy (4 weeks) | 2 h conventional treatment (4 weeks) | FMA-UE/FIM |
CG: 113 | 65.4 ± 12.5 | |||||
Viana et al. 2014 [74] | EG: 10 | 56.0 ± 10.2 | Subacute | 1 h VR exercises for the UL + 13 min transcranial direct current stimulation (primary motor cortex) (5 weeks) | 1 h transcranial direct current stimulation (primary motor cortex) (5 weeks) | FMA-UE/WMFT/MAS/SSQOL |
CG: 10 | 55.0 ± 12.2 | |||||
Yin et al. 2014 [75] | EG: 11 | 62 | N/A | Nine 30 min upper extremity VR therapy + 30 min conventional therapy (5 weekdays for 2 weeks) | 1 h conventional therapy (5 weekdays for 2 weeks) | FMA-UE/ARAT/MAL/FIM |
CG: 12 | 56 |