Table 5 Criterion validity indices of ActiGraph types for step counting and distance in healthy adults and older adults

Esliger et al. 2007 [52]

7164

Manually counted

Bland-Atlman plots, paried-sampled t-tests, Pearson correlation coefficients

5.3% difference (50 m/min)

0.008% difference (83 m/min)

0.006% difference (133 m/min)

Abel Mark et al. 2008 [24]

GT1M

Manually counted

Pearson correlation coefficient

− 0.37 (54 m/min)

− 0.58 (80 m/min)

− 0.69 (107 m/min)

− 0.64 (134 m/min)

− 0.58 (161 m/min)

− 0.54 (188 m/min)

Sorti et al. 2008 [10]

NR

Manually counted

Mean absolute percent error (MAPE)

19.1% (< 0.8 m/s) 7.5% (≥ 0.8 m/s)

3.3% (≥ 1.0 m/s)

Motl et al. 2011 [22]

7164

Manually counted

Percentage of real number, percent error

97.2%; error: 2.8% (54 m/min)

100%; error: 0% (80 m/min)

96.6%; error: − 3.4% (107 m/min)

Webber et al. 2014 [1]

GT3X + 

Manually counted

Percent error, unpaired t tests, Bland–Altman plots, Mean measurement bias scores, Spearman rank order correlation coefficients

23.2% (1.1 m/s)

Feito et al. 2015 [25]

GT3X + et GT1M

Manually counted

Percentage of difference

GT1M: − 61% (N); − 7% (LFE) GT3X: − 58% (N); − 4% (LFE) (40 m/min)

GT1M: − 31% (N); − 1% (LFE) GT3X: − 31% (N); 1% (LFE) (54 m/min)

GT1M: − 7% (N); − 2% (LFE) GT3X: − 6% (N); 2% (LFE) (67 m/min)

GT1M: − 6% (N); − 2% (LFE) GT3X: − 1% (N); 3% (LFE) (80 m/min)

GT1M: − 9% (N); − 2% (LFE) GT3X: − 2% (N); 3% (LFE) (94 m/min)

Lee et al. 2015 [27]

GT3X + 

Manually counted

Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with measures of consistency; Bland–Altman plots; standard error of measurement

0.29 CI: − 0.30 to 0.62 (54 m/min) 0.33 CI: − 0.25 to 0.63 (67 m/min)

0.61 CI: 0.28–0.79 (80 m/min)

0.99 CI: 0.98–0.99 (94 m/min)

0.99 CI: 0.98–0.99 (107 m/min)

Hickey et al. 2016 [54]

GT3X + et 7164

Video recordings

Percentage of difference, confidence interval (95%) (CI)

7164: − 13%; CI: − 19% to − 6% GT3X (N): − 54% CI: − 65% to − 42% GT3X (LFE): 1% CI: − 9% to 11% (2.4 km/h)

7164: − 5%; CI: − 6% to − 5% GT3X (N): − 2% CI: − 3% to − 2% GT3X (LFE): − 1% CI: − 1% to − 0.4% (4.8 km/h)

7164: − 5%; CI: − 6% to − 4% GT3X (N): − 2% CI − 2.6% to − 1.7% GT3X (LFE): − 1% CI: − 1% to − 0.4% (7.2 km/h)

7164: − 5% CI: − 6% to − 2% GT3X (N): − 3% CI: − 3% to − 2% GT3X (LFE): − 1% CI: − 2% to − 0.4% (9.7 km/h)

Riel et al. 2016 [57]

GT3X + 

Manually counted

Intra-class correlation coefficient

0.03 CI: − 0.09 to − 0.21 (3.2 km/h)

0.55 CI: 0.13–0.78 (4.8 km/h)

0.64 CI: 0.16–0.84 (6.4 km/h)

Webber et al. 2016 [16]

GT3X + 

StepWatch monitor

Intraclass correlation coefficients, Bland–Altman plots, Independent t tests

Ankle (LFE) 0.94 CI: 0.87–0.97 (0.4 ± 0.2 m/s)

Ankle (N) 0.68 CI: − 0.21 to 0.89 (0.4 ± 0.2 m/s)

Hip (LFE) 0.83 CI: 0.33–0.94 (0.4 ± 0.2 m/s)

Hip (N) − 0.05 CI: − 0.19 to 0.15 (0.4 ± 0.2 m/s)

Chow et al. 2017 [51]

GT3X + 

Video recordings

Percentage error

Hip: − 0.1% Wrist: − 28.9% (5 km/h)

Hip: 0.9% Wrist: − 36.0% (6.5 km/h)

Hip: − 2.4% Wrist: − 48.4% (8 km/h)

Hip: − 0.1% Wrist: − 49.9% (10 km/h)

Hip: 0.2% Wrist: − 50.0% (12 km/h)

Feng et al. 2017 [53]

wGT3X − BT

Video recordings

Percent error, confidence interval (95%)

− 4% CI: − 9% to 3% (0.9 m/s)

− 2.5% CI: − 12% to 0.8% (1.1 m/s)

− 0.3% CI: − 0.8% to 0.8% (1.3 m/s)

Hochsmann et al. 2018 [26]

wGTX + 

Video recordings

Mean absolute percentages error (MAPE)

Hip: 82% Wrist: 47% (1.6 km/h)

Hip: 24% Wrist: 22% (3.2 km/h)

Hip: < 3% Wrist: 30% (4.8 km/h)

Hip: < 3% Wrist: 34% (6.0 km/h)

Hip: 4% Wrist: 17% (self-selected comfort speed)

Jones et al. 2018 [56]

GT3X + 

Manually counted

Pearson correlation coefficient

0.997 (8 km/h)

0.998 (10 km/h)

0.990 (12 km/h)

0.905 (14 km/h)

0.762 (16 km/h)

Imboden et al. 2018 [55]

GT3X + 

Manually counted

Percentage of bias, Bland–Altman analyses, correlation analysis

Bias: − 32% Correlation coefficient: 0.85 (NA)

Hergenroeder et al. 2018 [50]

GT3X + 

Manually counted

Mean measurement bias scores, percentage accuracy

14.1% (< 0.6 m/s) 35.6% (0.60–0.79 m/s) 52.7% (0.80–1.0 m/s) 85.1% (> 1.0 m/s)

Kendall et al. 2019 [11]

wGT3X − BT

Manually counted

Intra-class correlation coefficient

0.919 CI: 0.991–0.996 [incremental test (NA)]

Höchsmann et al. 2020 [58]

GT3X + 

StepWatch monitor

Mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE), Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), 95% confidence intervals (CI), Bland–Altman analyses

Hip: 29% error Wrist: 14% [self-selected comfort speed (NA)]

Bezuidenhout et al. 2021 [61]

GT3X + 

StepWatch monitor

Mean percentage agreement, ICC, Bland–Altman analyses

Hip: 0.0 (N); 0.5 (LFE) Ankle: 0.29 (N); 0.97 (LFE) (0.2–0.6 m/s)

Hip: 0.0 (N); 0.86 (LFE) Ankle: 0.79 (N); 0.83 (LFE) (0.61–1.0 m/s)

Hip: 0.58 (N); 0.87 (LFE) Ankle: 0.85 (N); 0.86 (LFE) (1.1–1.4 m/s)

Hip: 0.42 (N); 0.57 (LFE) Ankle: 0.70 (N); 0.70 (LFE) (> 1.4 m/s)

Taoum et al. 2021 [60]

wGT3X + 

GPS (for distance), Manually counted (for step count)

Bias of estimation, typical error of estimate (TEE), coefficient of variation, mean percent error (MPE), mean absolute percent error (MAPE)

Hip

Step count: 97.8%; CI: 95–99 (N) 99.6; CI: 98–100 (LFE)

Distance (MAPE (SD):

VM counts: 12.5 (8.5)^a and 10 (7.4)^b (N); 11.9 (7.4)^a and 10.6 (8.2)^b (LFE)

VM raw data: 12.5 (7.9)^a and 8.4 (6.3)^b

Steps: 17.4 (9.7)^a and 18.3 (10.7)^b (N); 18.8 (10.3)^a and 18.3 (11.3)^b (LFE)

Karaca et al. 2021 [59]

wGT3X − BT

Video recordings

Dependent

t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman analyses, mean absolute

percentage error (MAPE)

Hip: 80.0% Wrist: 41.7% (right); 32.3% (left) Ankle: 12.4% (2 km/h)

Hip: 8.3% Wrist: 16.3% (right); 26.5% (left) Ankle: 1.0% (4 km/h)

Hip: 1.2% Wrist: 25.1% (right); 38.3% (left) Ankle: 4.9% (6 km/h)

Hip: 0.8% Wrist: 49.2% (right); 48.6% (left) Ankle: 47.7% (8 km/h)

Hip: 2.9% Wrist: 50.9% (right); 51.5% (left) Ankle: 50.6% (10 km/h)