Table 6 Calculation of Cohen’s d

Esliger et al. 2007 [52]

7164

5.3% percent difference (50 m/min)

0.008% percent difference (83 m/min)

0.006% percent difference (133 m/min)

1.66 (50 m/min)

1.0 (83 m/min)

0.5 (133 m/min)

Motl et al. 2011 [22]

7164

97.2%; error: 2.8% (54 m/min)

100%; error: 0% (80 m/min)

100.4%; error: + 0.4% (107 m/min)

0.37 (54 m/min) 0 (80 m/min) 0.07 (107 m/min)

Feito et al. 2015 [25]

GT3X + et GT1M

GT1M: − 61% (N); − 7% (LFE) GT3X: − 58% (N); − 4% (LFE) (40 m/min)

GT1M: − 31% (N); − 1% (LFE) GT3X: − 31% (N); 1% (LFE) (54 m/min)

GT1M: − 7% (N); − 2% (LFE) GT3X: − 6% (N); 2% (LFE) (67 m/min)

GT1M: − 6% (N); − 2% (LFE) GT3X: − 1% (N); 3% (LFE) (80 m/min)

GT1M: − 9% (N); − 2% (LFE) GT3X: − 2% (N); 3% (LFE) (94 m/min)

GT1M: 2.7 (N); 0.3 (LFE) GT3X: 2.5 (N); 0.2 (LFE) (40 m/min) GT1M: 1.24 (N); 0.04 (LFE) GT3X: 1.34 (N); 0.11 (LFE) (54 m/min)

GT1M: 0.32 (N); 0.09 (LFE) GT3X: 0.46 (N); 1.0 (LFE) (67 m/min GT1M: 2.27 (N); 0.09 (LFE) GT3X: 0.14 (N); 1.0 (LFE) (80 m/min)

GT1M: 0.31 (N); 0.09 (LFE) GT3X: 0.18 (N); 3.0 (LFE) (94 m/min)

Lee et al. 2015 [27]

GT3X + 

0.29 CI: − 0.30–0.62 (54 m/min) 0.33 CI: − 0.25–0.63 (67 m/min) 0.61 CI: 0.28 to 0.79 (80 m/min) 0.99 CI: 0.98–0.99 (94 m/min) 0.99 CI: 0.98–0.99 (107 m/min)

3.35 (54 m/min) 0.81 (67 m/min) 0.52 (80 m/min) 0.001 (94 m/min) 0.001 (107 m/min)

Hickey et al. 2016 [54]

GT3X + et 7164

7164: − 13%; CI: − 19% to -6% GT3X (N): − 54% CI: − 65% to − 42% GT3X (LFE): 1% CI: − 9–11% (2.4 km/h)

7164: − 5%; CI: -6% to − 5% GT3X (N): − 2% CI: − 3% to − 2% GT3X (LFE): − 1% CI: − 1% to − 0.4% (4.8 km/h)

7164: − 5%; CI: − 6% to − 4% GT3X (N): − 2% CI − 2.6% to − 1.7% GT3X (LFE): − 1% CI: − 1% to − 0.4% (7.2 km/h)

7164: − 5% CI: − 6% to − 2% GT3X (N): − 3% CI: − 3% to − 2% GT3X (LFE): − 1% CI: − 2% to − 0.4% (9.7 km/h)

7164: 1.11 GT3X 2.4 (N): GT3X 0.07 (LFE): (2.4 km/h)

7164: 1.18 GT3X 0.45 (N): GT3X 0.2 (LFE): (4.8 km/h)

7164: 0.7 GT3X 0.26 (N): GT3X 0.11 (LFE): (7.2 km/h)

7164: 0.34 GT3X 0.19 (N): GT3X 0.05 (LFE): (9.7 km/h)

Webber et al. 2016 [16]

GT3X + 

Ankle (LFE) 0.94 CI: 0.87–0.97 Ankle (N) 0.68 CI: − 0.21 to 0.89 Hip (LFE) 0.83 CI: 0.33–0.94 Hip (N) − 0.05 CI: − 0.19–0.15

Ankle (LFE): 0 Ankle (N): 0.65 (0.4 ± 0.2 m/s) Hip (LFE): 0.14 Hip (N): 0.90 (0.4 ± 0.2 m/s)

Chow et al. 2017 [51]

GT3X + 

Hip: − 0.1% Wrist: − 28.9% (5 km/h)

Hip: 0.9% Wrist: − 36.0% (6.5 km/h)

Hip: − 2.4% Wrist: − 48.4% (8 km/h)

Hip: − 0.1% Wrist: − 49.9% (10 km/h)

Hip: 0.2% Wrist: − 50.0% (12 km/h)

Hip: 0.16 Wrist: 1.92 (5 km/h)

Hip: 0.19 Wrist: 2.49 (6.5 km/h)

Hip: 0.35 Wrist: 8.64 (8 km/h)

Hip: 0.07 Wrist: 62.37 (10 km/h)

Hip: 0.4 Wrist: 125 (12 km/h)

Feng et al. 2017 [53]

wGT3X − BT

− 4% CI: -9% to 3% (0.9 m/s)

− 2.5% CI: -12% to 0.8% (1.1 m/s)

− 0.3% CI: -0.8% to 0.8% (1.3 m/s)

1.02 (0.9 m/s)

0.49 (1.1 m/s)

0.07 (1.3 m/s)

Hochsmann et al. 2018 [26]

wGTX + 

Hip: 82% Wrist: 47% (1.6 km/h)

Hip: 24% Wrist: 22% (3.2 km/h)

Hip: < 3% Wrist: 30% (4.8 km/h)

Hip: < 3% Wrist: 34% (6.0 km/h)

Hip: 4% Wrist: 17% (self-selected comfort speed)

Hip: 4.67 Wrist: 2.34 (1.6 km/h)

Hip: 1.06 Wrist: 1.17 (3.2 km/h)

Hip: 0.27 Wrist: 1.85 (4.8 km/h)

Hip: 0.19 Wrist: 2.12 (6.0 km/h)

Hip: 0.24 Wrist: 1.13 (self-selected comfort speed)

Jones et al. 2018 [56]

GT3X + 

0.997 (8 km/h)

0.998 (10 km/h)

0.990 (12 km/h)

0.905 (14 km/h)

0.762 (16 km/h)

0 (8 km/h)

0 (10 km/h)

0.19 (12 km/h)

0.21 (14 km/h)

0.3 (16 km/h)

Imboden et al. 2018 [55]

GT3X + 

Bias: -32% Correlation coefficient: 0.85

1.84

Kendall et al. 2019 [11]

WGT3X − BT

0.919 CI: 0.991 to 0.996 (incremental test)

0.01 (incremental test (NA))

Höchsmann et al. 2020 [58]

GT3X + 

Hip: 29% error Wrist: 14% (self-selected comfort speed)

Hip: 1.26 Wrist: 0.02 (self-selected comfort speed (NA))