Quantitative measurement of resistance force and subsequent attenuation during passive isokinetic extension of the wrist in patients with mild to moderate spasticity after stroke

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and clinical data of subjects (n = 17)

Subject	Age	Sex	Time since stroke (months)	Affected side (side tested)	Diagnosis (Lesion)	MAS (average of two evaluators; out of 0–5)		BRS		Maximum angle of wrist dorsiflexion (passive)
Subject	Age	Sex	Time since stroke (months)	Affected side (side tested)	Diagnosis (Lesion)	Wrist flexor	Finger flexor	Arm	Hand	Maximum angle of wrist dorsiflexion (passive)
1	71	F	1	R	H (lt. putamen)	0	0	V	V	61
2	74	M	3	R	I (lt. putamen)	0	0.5	V	V	56
3	76	F	1	R	I (pons)	0.5	0	V	V	56
4	68	M	0	L	H (rt. subcortical)	0.5	0.5	V	V	49
5	59	M	40	R	I (lt. striatocapsular)	1	1	III–IV	IV	70
6	49	M	2	L	H (rt. thalamus)	1	0.5	V	V	57
7	57	M	36	R	I (lt. corona radiata)	1	0.5	V	V	60
8	72	M	4	R	I (lt. corona radiata)	1	1	V	V	51
9	17	M	22	R	H (lt. putamen)	1	2	III	III–IV	45
10	76	M	166	L	I (rt. MCA)	1.5	0.5	IV	V	57
11	59	F	2	L	H (rt.thalamus)	1.5	0.5	IV	V	57
12	66	M	5	L	H (rt. putamen)	2	2.5	III	III-IV	42
13	48	F	6	L	I (rt. MCA)	2	2	III	II	64
14	53	M	26	R	I (pons)	2	1.5	III–IV	III–IV	61
15	58	M	48	R	H (lt. putamen)	2.5	1	III	III	51
16	57	M	4	L	I (rt. MCA)	2.5	2	III	III	51
17	59	M	49	L	I (rt. lenticulostriate)	3	1.5	III	III	55

Brunnstrom Recovery Stage (BRS) classifies the motor recovery process for patients with stoke into six stages. This classification was established from clinical observations of a large number of hemiplegic patients and is based on the degree of synergy, voluntary movement and spasticity. In the BRS, staging is performed for each of the upper limbs, fingers, and lower limbs according to the criteria as follows: Stage I = Flaccidity is present and no movements of the limbs can be initiated; Stage II = The basic limb synergies or some of their components may appear as associated reactions or minimal voluntary movement responses may be present. Spasticity begins to develop; Stage III = The patient gains voluntary control of the movement synergies, although full range of all synergy components does not necessarily develop. Spasticity is severe; Stage IV = Some movement combinations that do not follow the synergies are mastered and spasticity begins to decline; Stage V = More difficult movement combinations are possible as the basic limb synergies lose their dominance over motor acts; Stage VI = Spasticity disappears and individual joint movements become possible
M male; F female; I infarction; H hemorrhage; rt right; lt left; MAS Modified Ashworth Scale; BRS Brunnstrom Recovery Stage

ISSN: 1743-0003