Table 2 Detailed NIBS setting and number/frequency of sessions used in each included study
Study | Stimulation type | Session (n) | Stimulation site | NIBS parameter | Adverse effects (n) | Rehabilitation parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[22] Tolmacheva et al. 2017 | Exp = Active TMS + PNS Con = Sham TMS + PNS | 16 | Arm primary motor cortex | 0.2 Hz, 20 min, 100%RMT during 4 weeks | – | PNS: 20 min/day, 5 days/week or 3 days/week for 4 weeks |
[25] Benito et al. 2012 | Exp = Active rTMS + Rehabilitation therapy Con = Sham rTMS + Rehabilitation therapy | 15 | Leg motor area | 20 Hz for 2 s bursts, intertrain intervals of 28 s, over 20 min, 90%RMT, 1800 pulses/session, 15 days | – | Rehabilitation therapy: 5 h/ session, 15 sessions for 3 weeks |
[26] Gharooni et al. 2018 | Exp = Active iTBS Con = Sham iTBS | 10 | Primary motor cortex | 50 Hz for 3 stimuli, 80%RMT, 600 pulses/session in 200 s for 2 weeks | – | – |
[27] Gomes-Osman et al. 2015 | Exp = Active TMS + RTP Con = Sham TMS + RTP | 3 | Corticomotor hand region | 10 Hz, 80%RMT, 800 pulses/session, 3 days/week for 1 week | Transient Headache: 3 | RTP:1 week |
[10] Krogh et al. 2022 | Exp = Active rTMS + LL-RT classes + LL-PT classes Con = Sham rTMS + LL-RT classes + LL-PT classes | 20 | Leg primary motor cortex | 20 Hz, 100% RMT, 1800 pulses/session, over 22 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks | Seizure: 1 | LL-RT classes + LL-PT classes LL-RT classes: twice weekly for 4 weeks LL-PT Classes: 60 min/session, thrice weekly for 4 weeks |
[23] Kumru et al. 2016 | Exp = Active TMS + Lokomat training Con = ShamTMS + Lokomat training | 20 | Motor area | 20 Hz for 2-s duration bursts, 90%RMT, 1800 pluses/session over 20 min, 5 days/week for 4 weeks | Facial muscle contraction:8 Mild headache: 1 | Lokomat training:30–45 min/day, Monday to Friday/week, 8 weeks |
[28] Nardone et al. 2014 | Exp = Active TMS Con = Sham TMS | 5 | Primary motor cortex | 20 Hz for 2-s long bursts, 90%RMT, 1600 pulses/session over 20 min, 5 days/week for 1 week | – | – |
[29] Nardone et al. 2017 | Exp = Active TMS Con = Sham TMS | 10 | Leg area of dominant primary motor cortex | 50 Hz, 80%AMT, 600 pulses/session iTBS:3 pulses of 50 Hz repeated at 5 Hz for total of 600 stimuli (200 s), 5 days/week for 2 weeks | – | – |
[30] kumru et al. 2010 | Exp = Active TMS + Antispastic medication Con = Sham TMS + Antispastic medication | 5 | Primary motor cortex | 20 Hz for 2-s duration bursts, 90%RMT, 1600 pulses/session, over 20 min, 5 days/week for 1 week | Twitching facial muscles:3 | – |
[12] Kumru et al. 2016 | Exp = anodal tDCS + Lokomat training Con = Sham tDCS + Lokomat training | 20 | Anode = leg motor cortex Cathode = non-dominant supraorbital area | 2 mA × 20 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks | – | Lokomat training: 30 min/day, Monday to Friday/week for 8 weeks |
[24] Raithatha et al. 2016 | Exp = anode tDCS + Lokomat training Con = Sham tDCS + Lokomat training | 36 | Lower extremity motor cortex | 2 mA × 20 min/day, 3 days/week for 12 weeks, current density of 0.08 mA/cm2 | – | Lokomat training: 1 h/time, 3 times/week for 12 weeks |
[15] Simis et al. 2021 | Exp = Active TMS + Lokomat training Con = Sham TMS + Lokomat training | 30 | Primary motor cortex | 2 mA × 20 min/day, 3 days/week for 10 weeks (outpatient group) or 5 days/week for 6 weeks (inpatients group) | Tingling and itching | Lokomat training: 30 min/time, 3 times per week over 12 weeks or 5 times per week over 6 weeks |
[11] Yozbatiran et al. 2016 | Exp = anodal tDCS + exoskeleton robot-assisted arm training Con = Sham tDCS + exoskeleton robot-assisted arm training | 10 | Primary motor cortex | 2 mA × 20 min/day, 5 days/week for 2 week, current density of 0.0571 mA/cm2 | Tingling, skin redness, and sleepiness | exoskeleton robot-assisted arm training: 3 h/session, 12 sessions over 4 weeks |
[13] Potter-Baker et al. 2017 | Exp = anodal tDCS + MP Con = Sham tDCS + MP | 10 | Primary motor cortex | 2 mA × 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks | – | MP: 2 h/time, 5 times/week over 2 weeks |