Table 3 Gait sequence detection (GSD) performance measures; gait sequence total duration obtained from the INDIP and the single wearable device, absolute error, bias and limits of agreement (LoA) and intra class correlation (ICC_(2,1)) for comparison between systems, and overall performance index for the GSD algorithms. Values are expressed as mean and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each cohort. In italic and boldface recommended algorithms. Underlined performance index indicates top-ranked algorithm for the specific cohort of that row

0.84 [0.77, 0.92]

0.81 [0.75, 0.88]

0.94 [0.93, 0.96]

0.96 [0.95, 0.97]

1640.0 [1273.4, 2006.6]

1708.5 [1316.3, 2100.7]

68.5 [− 710.6, 847.5]

215.7 [57.7, 373.7]

0.88 [0.73, 0.95]

0.819

0.85 [0.68, 1.01]

0.81 [0.72, 0.90]

0.95 [0.92, 0.98]

0.96 [0.94, 0.99]

1545.4 [421.1, 2669.6]

1595.4 [395.2, 2795.6]

50.0 [− 689.5, 789.5]

242.0 [39.6, 444.4]

0.98 [0.91, 0.99]

0.853

0.85 [0.81, 0.88]

0.75 [0.68, 0.82]

0.95 [0.93, 0.97]

0.96 [0.95, 0.98]

1004.8 [829.2, 1180.4]

1151.6 [955.7, 1347.6]

146.8 [− 369.1, 662.8]

176.5 [51.5, 301.5]

0.68 [0.32, 0.87]

0.822

0.92 [0.87, 0.97]

0.75 [0.66, 0.84]

0.95 [0.92, 0.98]

0.95 [0.92, 0.98]

1119.5 [736.9, 1502.2]

1452.0 [990.4, 1913.6]

332.5 [− 883.9, 1548.8]

358.5 [57.7, 659.4]

0.68 [0.34, 0.87]

0.735

0.86 [0.78, 0.94]

0.81 [0.71, 0.91]

0.96 [0.95, 0.98]

0.97 [0.96, 0.99]

1121.8 [626.5, 1617.1]

1177.3 [656.2, 1698.5]

55.6 [− 402.4, 513.6]

139.1 [45.8, 232.4]

0.98 [0.94, 0.99]

0.852

0.71 [0.54, 0.89]

0.74 [0.61, 0.88]

0.95 [0.92, 0.97]

0.97 [0.96, 0.99]

954.4 [599.5, 1309.4]

975.7 [589.8, 1361.6]

21.3 [− 365.3, 407.9]

144.4 [72.1, 216.7]

0.96 [0.89, 0.99]

0.770

0.86 [0.82, 0.90]

0.85 [0.79, 0.92]

0.95 [0.94, 0.96]

0.97 [0.96, 0.98]

1645.8 [1258.1, 2033.5]

1657.4 [1283.5, 2031.3]

11.6 [− 592.4, 615.6]

170.5 [48.1, 292.8]

0.93 [0.83, 0.97]

0.727

0.91 [0.88, 0.94]

0.82 [0.71, 0.92]

0.96 [0.94, 0.98]

0.96 [0.94, 0.99]

1545.4 [421.1, 2669.6]

1689.6 [557.8, 2821.5]

144.3 [− 331.8, 620.4]

176.1 [19.8, 332.3]

0.99 [0.95, 1.00]

0.792

0.84 [0.81, 0.88]

0.80 [0.77, 0.82]

0.96 [0.95, 0.97]

0.97 [0.97, 0.98]

1004.8 [829.2, 1180.4]

1058.4 [865.5, 1251.4]

53.6 [− 120.3, 227.6]

71.9 [34.0, 109.8]

0.96 [0.90, 0.99]

0.814

0.91 [0.87, 0.95]

0.75 [0.65, 0.85]

0.95 [0.92, 0.98]

0.95 [0.92, 0.98]

1119.5 [736.9, 1502.2]

1416.3 [947.8, 1884.8]

296.8 [− 911.6, 1505.2]

323.1 [23.5, 622.6]

0.70 [0.38, 0.88]

0.655

0.84 [0.76, 0.92]

0.83 [0.73, 0.93]

0.96 [0.95, 0.97]

0.98 [0.96, 0.99]

1121.8 [626.5, 1617.1]

1145.9 [629.1, 1662.6]

24.1 [− 450.9, 499.0]

167.9 [85.1, 250.8]

0.97 [0.94, 0.99]

0.726

0.73 [0.60, 0.86]

0.84 [0.76, 0.93]

0.96 [0.95, 0.98]

0.98 [0.97, 0.99]

911.7 [569.4, 1254.0]

861.1 [542.8, 1179.3]

− 50.7 [− 445.9, 344.6]

141.4 [62.2, 220.6]

0.95 [0.86, 0.98]

0.771

0.77 [0.71, 0.83]

0.91 [0.85, 0.98]

0.95 [0.94, 0.96]

0.99 [0.98, 1.00]

1645.8 [1258.1, 2033.5]

1409.3 [1034.8, 1783.7]

− 236.5 [− 848.7, 375.7]

323.6 [220.1, 427.1]

0.88 [0.73, 0.95]

0.722

0.84 [0.79, 0.88]

0.89 [0.82, 0.96]

0.97 [0.95, 0.98]

0.98 [0.97, 0.99]

1545.4 [421.1, 2669.6]

1466.6 [359.8, 2573.4]

− 78.7 [− 309.9, 152.4]

113.1 [55.1, 171.1]

1.00 [0.99, 1.00]

0.811

0.73 [0.68, 0.78]

0.89 [0.87, 0.91]

0.96 [0.95, 0.97]

0.99 [0.99, 0.99]

1004.8 [829.2, 1180.4]

825.2 [664.4, 986.1]

− 179.6 [− 420.7, 61.6]

179.6 [116.3, 242.8]

0.80 [0.53, 0.92]

0.776

0.83 [0.77, 0.90]

0.83 [0.73, 0.93]

0.96 [0.93, 0.98]

0.97 [0.94, 1.00]

1119.5 [736.9, 1502.2]

1223.3 [794.0, 1652.5]

103.8 [− 1100.0, 1307.5]

246.9 [− 36.2, 530.0]

0.72 [0.41, 0.89]

0.693

0.76 [0.65, 0.87]

0.87 [0.76, 0.98]

0.96 [0.95, 0.97]

0.99 [0.98, 1.00]

1121.8 [626.5, 1617.1]

1000.4 [514.3, 1486.5]

− 121.4 [− 579.4, 336.5]

192.3 [107.3, 277.3]

0.97 [0.92, 0.99]

0.726

0.60 [0.45, 0.75]

0.89 [0.77, 1.01]

0.94 [0.91, 0.97]

0.99 [0.99, 1.00]

954.4 [599.5, 1309.4]

697.3 [439.9, 954.8]

− 257.1 [− 823.6, 309.4]

272.4 [120.9, 423.9]

0.78 [0.47, 0.92]

0.687