Effect of tDCS targeting the M1 or left DLPFC on physical performance, psychophysiological responses, and cognitive function in repeated all-out cycling: a randomized controlled trial

Teymoori, Hafez; Amiri, Ehsan; Tahmasebi, Worya; Hoseini, Rastegar; Grospretre, Sidney; Machado, Daniel Gomes da Silva

doi:10.1186/s12984-023-01221-9

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Table 2 tDCS-induced sensations and the general sensation index (discomfort) felt by participants (n = 15)

From: Effect of tDCS targeting the M1 or left DLPFC on physical performance, psychophysiological responses, and cognitive function in repeated all-out cycling: a randomized controlled trial

Sensation	DLPFC a-tDCS			M1 a-tDCS			Sham tDCS			χ2	p
Sensation	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	n(%)	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	n(%)	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	n(%)	χ2	p
Itchiness	1.20 ± 0.41	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	15 (100)	1.20 ± 0.41	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	15 (100)	1.20 ± 0.41	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	15 (100)	0.00	1.00
Pain	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	0.07 ± 0.26	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	1 (6.7)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	2.00	0.37
Burning	0.40 ± 0.51	0.0 (0.0–1.0)	6 (40.0)	0.47 ± 0.52	0.0 (0.0–1.0)	7 (46.7)	0.13 ± 0.35	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	2 (13.3)	4.20	0.12
Warmth/Heat	0.13 ± 0.35	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	2 (13.3)	0.07 ± 0.26	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	1 (6.7)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	2.00	0.37
Pinching	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A
Iron taste	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A
Fatigue	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A
Other	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	0.00 ± 0.00	0.0 (0.0–0.0)	0 (0)	N/A	N/A
Discomfort	1.73 ± 0.59	2.0 (1.0–2.0)	-	1.80 ± 0.86	2.0 (1.0–2.0)	-	1.33 ± 0.49	1.0 (1.0–2.0)	-	7.20	0.03
Start	1.00 ± 0.00	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	-	1.00 ± 0.00	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	-	1.00 ± 0.00	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	-	N/A	N/A
End	1.20 ± 0.41	1.0 (1.0–1.0)	-	1.40 ± 0.51	1.0 (1.0–2.0)	-	1.27 ± 0.46	2.0 (1.0–2.0)	-	2.00	0.37
Affect performance	2.67 ± 0.48	3.0 (2.0–3.0)	15 (100)	2.67 ± 0.49	3.0 (2.0–3.0)	15 (100)	2.67 ± 0.49	3.0 (2.0–3.0)	15 (100)	0.00	1.00

Note. tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation; DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; M1 = primary motor cortex; mean ± standard deviation; median (interquartile range); n(%) = indicates the number and percentage of participants who experienced a particular sensation

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