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Table 3 Outcome parameters of all different musculoskeletal models

From: The interaction between muscle pathophysiology, body mass, walking speed and ankle foot orthosis stiffness on walking energy cost: a predictive simulation study

Model

Optimal AFO stiffness in Nm/degree

Reduction in energy cost in J/kg/m

Walking speed with optimal AFO stiffness in m/s

Minimum AFO stiffness for normalization ankle angle in Nm/degree

Minimum AFO stiffness for normalization ankle moment in Nm/degree

Minimum AFO stiffness for normalization knee angle in Nm/degree

Minimum AFO stiffness for normalization knee moment in Nm/degree

Baseline

@ optimized speed / at fixed speed of 1.2 m/s

@ optimized speed / at fixed speed of 1.2 m/s

@ optimized speed / at fixed speed of 1.2 m/s

@ optimized speed / at fixed speed of 1.2 m/s

@ optimized speed / at fixed speed of 1.2 m/s

@ optimized speed / at fixed speed of 1.2 m/s

@ optimized speed / at fixed speed of 1.2 m/s

80% weakness

3.8 / 4.6

0.80 / 1.03

0.94 / 1.2

2.7 / 2.6

2.2 / 2.3

2.1 / 1.8

1.9 / 2.4

PF weakness

 40% PF strength

2.4 / 2.9

0.29 / 0.46

1.05 / 1.2

0 / 0

0 / 0

0 / 0

0 / 0

 60% PF strength

3.5 / –

0.78 / –

0.99 / –

1.7 / –

1.1 / –

1.8 / –

1.7 / –

 90% PF strength

5.2 / 3.8

0.88 / 1.29

1.01 / 1.2

3.1 / 3.0

2.8 / 2.8

2.2 / 2.8

2.6 / 2.5

Passive stiffness

 20% of normal

4.6 / 4.4

1.14 / 1.63

0.95 / 1.2

3.0 / 2.8

2.8 / 2.7

2.3 / 2.4

2.7 / 2.4

 50% of normal

4.4 / –

1.09 / –

0.94 / –

2.8 / –

2.5 / –

2.6 / –

2.4 / –

 150% of normal

4.2 / –

0.59 / –

0.99 / –

2.6 / –

2.1 / –

2.8 / –

2.9 / –

 200% of normal

3.5 / 4.8

0.67 / 0.30

0.94 / 1.2

2.4 / 2.0

1.3 / 2.4

2.7 / 2.0

2.4 / 1.9

Body mass

 + 10% BM

4.4 / –

0.74 / –

0.94 / 1.2

3.0 / –

2.7 / –

2.5 / –

2.5 / –

 + 30% BM

4.3 / 7.1

0.70 / 1.51

0.88 / 1.2

3.3 / 3.4

3.0 / 3.4

1.9 / 0.4

2.7 / 2.7

Walking speed

 0.75 m/s

3.0

0.41

0.75

2.9

2.6

2.4

3.1

 1.0 m/s

4.3

0.65

1.00

2.6

2.1

2.4

2.4

 1.2 m/s

4.6

1.03

1.20

2.6

2.3

1.8

2.4

  1. AFO ankle–foot orthosis, BM body mass, PF plantarflexor
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Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 1743-0003

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