Fig. 2

Schematic representation of models with forward (A) and inverse (B) solving strategies. In case of a forward strategy, the estimation force problem is solved starting from the nervous drive. After estimating the muscle activations, a muscle dynamics model estimates the forces produced and then possibly the movement kinematics can be reconstructed. For an inverse strategy, the muscle force estimation problem is solved starting from the movement kinematics and kinetics. The net joint torque is distributed in different muscle moments and then possibly assumptions can be made about the nervous drive