Table 2 Effect of fully immersive virtual reality on the spatiotemporal gait parameters

Walking speed

(m/s)

Stroke

0.88 [0.72;1.04]

0.79 [0.66;0.93]

− 0.09 [− 0.19; 0.01]

0.085

Healthy

1.39 [1.24;1.55]

1.37 [1.23;1.50]

− 0.02 [− 0.13; 0.08]

0.625

Cadence

(strides/min)

Stroke

48.07 [44.04;52.09]

44.38 [40.63;48.14]

− 3.69 [− 6.22; − 1.15]

0.006*

Healthy

56.51 [52.61;60.41]

55.65 [52.01;59.28]

− 0.86 [− 3.32; 1.59]

0.477

Stride time

(sec)

Stroke

1.32 [1.20;1.44]

1.42 [1.30;1.54]

0.10 [0.02; 0.18]

0.017*

Healthy

1.07 [0.95;1.18]

1.08 [0.97;1.20]

0.02 [− 0.06; 0.10]

0.641

Step length affected^♦

(cm)

Stroke

50.97 [46.11;55.82]

51.83 [47.37;56.29]

0.86 [− 2.84; 4.57]

0.637

Healthy

66.79 [62.09;71.49]

67.85 [63.53;72.16]

1.06 [− 2.53; 4.65]

0.551

Step length unaffected^♦

(cm)

Stroke

49.82 [44.90;54.73]

49.29 [44.60;53.98]

− 0.53 [− 3.98; 2.93]

0.757

Healthy

66.79 [62.03;71.55]

67.85 [63.31;72.39]

1.06 [− 2.28; 4.41]

0.523

Stance time affected^♦

(%GC)

Stroke

67.14 [65.62;68.67]

67.98 [66.77;69.18]

0.83 [− 0.26; 1.93]

0.132

Healthy

65.18 [63.71;66.66]

65.77 [64.61;66.94]

0.59 [− 0.48; 1.65]

0.268

Stance time unaffected^♦

(%GC)

Stroke

69.85 [68.36;71.35]

71.32 [69.71;72.93]

1.47 [0.61; 2.32]

0.001*

Healthy

65.18 [63.73;66.63]

65.77 [64.21;67.33]

0.59 [− 0.24; 1.41]

0.156

Swing time affected^♦

(%GC)

Stroke

32.86 [31.33;34.38]

32.02 [30.82;33.23]

− 0.83 [− 1.93; 0.26]

0.123

Healthy

34.82 [33.34;36.29]

34.23 [33.06;35.39]

− 0.59 [− 1.65; 0.48]

0.268

Swing time unaffected^♦

(%GC)

Stroke

30.15 [28.65;31.64]

28.68 [27.07;30.29]

− 1.47 [− 2.32; − 0.61]

0.001*

Healthy

34.82 [33.37;36.27]

34.23 [32.67;35.79]

− 0.59 [− 1.41; 0.24]

0.156

Step width affected^♦

(cm)

Stroke

18.08 [16.02;20.14]

17.11 [15.07;19.14]

− 0.97 [− 2.17; 0.23]

0.109

Healthy

14.03 [12.03;16.03]

12.10 [10.13;14.07]

− 1.93 [− 3.09; − 0.77]

0.002*

Step width unaffected^♦

(cm)

Stroke

18.07 [15.98;20.16]

16.98 [14.93;19.03]

− 1.09 [− 2.31; 0.14]

0.080

Healthy

14.03 [12.01;16.05]

12.10 [10.11;14.09]

− 1.93 [− 3.12; − 0.74]

0.002*