Table 4 Effect of optic flow speed on the spatiotemporal gait parameters
Condition | Group | Time point | Walking speed (m/s) | Cadence (stride/min) | Stride time (s) | Step length (cm) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | ||||
Affected leg | Unaffected leg | ||||||||||||
Matched optic flow | Stroke | Pre | Post | 0.03 [0.00;0.06] | .081 | 0.21 [-0.44;0.87] | 1.000 | -0.01 [-0.03;0.01] | 1.000 | 1.33 [-0.32;2.97] | .185 | 1.61 [-0.29;3.51] | .138 |
Mid | 0.04 [− 0.06;0.14] | 1.000 | 0.56 [− 0.96;2.09] | 1.000 | − 0.02 [− 0.06;0.02] | 1.000 | 2.02 [− 1.44;5.48] | .662 | 2.34 [− 1.29;5.97] | .478 | |||
End | − 0.05 [− 0.14;0.04] | .812 | − 1.28 [− 2.61;0.05] | .066 | 0.05 [0.01;0.09] | .011* | 0.08 [− 2.64;2.81] | 1.000 | 0.46 [− 2.80;3.73] | 1.000 | |||
Healthy | Pre | Post | 0.02 [− 0.01;0.05] | .270 | 0.06 [− 0.60;0.71] | 1.000 | 0.00 [− 0.02;0.02] | 1.000 | 1.16 [− 0.49;2.81] | .335 | 1.16 [− 0.73;3.06] | .566 | |
Mid | 0.09 [− 0.01;0.19] | .091 | 1.32 [− 0.21;2.84] | .125 | − 0.03 [− 0.07;0.02] | .557 | 2.67 [− 0.79;6.13] | .227 | 2.67 [− 0.96;6.30] | .282 | |||
End | 0.06 [− 0.03;0.15] | .458 | 1.01 [− 0.33;2.35] | .247 | − 0.02 [− 0.06;0.02] | .916 | 2.19 [− 0.53;4.92] | .184 | 2.13 [− 1.14;5.40] | .460 | |||
Fast optic flow | Stroke | Pre | Post | − 0.10 [− 0.16;− 0.04] | < .001* | − 2.41 [− 3.58;− 1.23] | < .001* | 0.10 [0.04;0.16] | < .001* | − 4.58 [− 7.29;− 1.87] | < .001* | − 5.01 [− 7.99;− 2.02] | < .001* |
Mid | − 0.08 [− 0.16;0.00] | .037* | − 2.12 [− 3.96;− 0.29] | .016* | 0.08 [0.01;0.14] | .011* | − 2.13 [− 4.66;0.39] | .142 | − 2.50 [− 5.19;0.18] | .079 | |||
End | − 0.07 [− 0.19;0.04] | .512 | − 2.57 [− 4.63;− 0.51] | .008* | 0.13 [− 0.02;0.29] | .127 | − 2.41 [− 6.21;1.38] | .498 | − 2.47 [− 6.82;1.88] | .715 | |||
Healthy | Pre | Post | − 0.12 [− 0.18;− 0.06] | < .001* | − 1.41 [− 2.58;− 0.24[ | .012* | 0.04 [− 0.02;0.10] | .574 | − 4.37 [− 7.08;− 1.66] | < .001* | − 4.37 [− 7.35;− 1.39] | .001* | |
Mid | − 0.01 [− 0.09;0.07] | 1.000 | − 0.32 [− 2.18;1.53] | 1.000 | 0.01 [− 0.05;0.07] | 1.000 | − 0.16 [− 2.73;2.40] | 1.000 | − 0.11 [− 2.83;2.61] | 1.000 | |||
End | − 0.10 [− 0.21;0.02] | .155 | − 0.89 [− 2.98;1.21] | 1.000 | 0.02 [− 0.13;0.17] | 1.000 | − 1.30 [− 5.18;2.58] | 1.000 | − 1.30 [− 5.72;3.11] | 1.000 | |||
Slow optic flow | Stroke | Pre | Post | 0.06 [0.02;0.10] | < .001* | 1.44 [0.66;2.21] | < .001* | − 0.05 [− 0.08;− 0.02] | < .001* | 2.27 [0.80;3.74] | < .001* | 2.40 [0.61;4.19] | .004* |
Mid | 0.08 [0.00;0.15] | .053 | 1.35 [− 0.40;3.10] | .219 | − 0.03 [− 0.11;0.05] | 1.000 | 1.78 [− 0.76;4.33] | .344 | 1.67 [− 1.66;5.00] | 1.000 | |||
End | 0.08 [− 0.02;0.18] | .204 | 1.05 [− 1.26;3.35] | 1.000 | − 0.03 [− 0.10;0.05] | 1.000 | 1.73 [− 1.70;5.17] | .952 | 1.93 [− 1.53;5.39] | .734 | |||
Healthy | Pre | Post | 0.07 [0.03;0.10] | < .001* | 1.15 [0.37;1.93] | .001* | − 0.02 [− 0.05;0.01] | .310 | 1.69 [0.22;3.16] | .017* | 1.69 [− 0.10;3.48] | .074 | |
Mid | 0.15 [0.07;0.23] | < .001* | 2.42 [0.70;4.14] | .003* | − 0.05 [− 0.13;0.03] | .621 | 3.99 [1.49;6.50] | < .001* | 3.99 [0.71;7.28] | .011* | |||
End | 0.16 [0.05;0.26] | .001* | 2.92 [0.61;5.23] | .007* | − 0.06 [− 0.13,0.02] | .262 | 4.69 [1.26;8.11] | .001* | 4.59 [1.13;8.05] | .005* | |||
Condition | Group | Time point | Stance time (% gait cycle) | Swing time (% gait cycle) | Step width (cm) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | MD [95% CI] | p-value | ||||
Affected leg | Unaffected leg | Affected leg | Unaffected leg | Affected leg | Unaffected leg | ||||||||||
Matched optic flow | Stroke | Pre | Post | − 0.28 [− 0.62;0.07] | .189 | − 0.19 [− 0.51;0.13] | .603 | 0.28 [− 0.07;0.62] | .189 | 0.19 [− 0.13;0.51] | .603 | 0.03 [− 0.57;0.64] | 1.000 | 0.00 [− 0.60;0.60] | 1.000 |
Mid | − 0.43 [− 1.05;0.18] | .336 | − 0.40 [− 1.09;0.28] | .652 | 0.43 [− 0.18;1.05] | .336 | 0.40 [− 0.28;1.09] | .652 | 0.33 [− 0.28;0.94] | .812 | 0.34 [− 0.24;0.92] | .651 | |||
End | 0.21 [− 0.52;0.94] | 1.000 | 0.21 [− 0.36;0.77] | 1.000 | − 0.21 [− 0.94;0.52] | 1.000 | − 0.21 [− 0.77;0.36] | 1.000 | 0.43 [− 0.27;1.14] | .554 | 0.36 [− 0.38;1.10] | 1.000 | |||
Healthy | Pre | Post | − 0.15 [− 0.50;0.19] | 1.000 | − 0.15 [− 0.47;0.17] | 1.000 | 0.15 [− 0.19;0.50] | 1.000 | 0.15 [− 0.17;0.47] | 1.000 | 0.06 [− 0.55;0.66] | 1.000 | 0.06 [− 0.54;0.66] | 1.000 | |
Mid | − 0.34 [− 0.96;0.27] | .747 | − 0.34 [− 1.03;0.35] | 1.000 | 0.34 [− 0.27;0.96] | .747 | 0.34 [− 0.35;1.03] | 1.000 | 0.15 [− 0.46;0.76] | 1.000 | 0.15 [− 0.44;0.73] | 1.000 | |||
End | − 0.27 [− 1.00;0.46] | 1.000 | − 0.27 [− 0.84;0.30] | 1.000 | 0.27 [− 0.46;1.00] | 1.000 | 0.27 [− 0.30;0.84] | 1.000 | 0.31 [− 0.39;1.02] | 1.000 | 0.32 [− 0.42;1.06] | 1.000 | |||
Fast optic flow | Stroke | Pre | Post | 0.53 [− 0.67;1.72] | 1.000 | 1.46 [0.57;2.35] | < .001* | − 0.53 [− 1.72;0.67] | 1.000 | − 1.46 [− 2.35;− 0.57] | < .001* | − 0.59 [− 1.28;0.10] | .132 | − 0.56 [− 1.32;0.20] | .285 |
Mid | 0.83 [0.09;1.56] | .020* | 0.83 [0.28;1.37] | < .001* | − 0.83 [− 1.56,− 0.09] | .020* | − 0.83 [− 1.37;− 0.28] | < .001* | − 0.29 [− 0.94;0.36] | 1.000 | − 0.18 [− 0.86;0.50] | 1.000 | |||
End | 0.95 [− 0.16;2.05] | .133 | 1.11 [0.21;2.01] | .010* | − 0.95 [− 2.05;0.16] | .133 | − 1.11 [− 2.01;0.21] | .010* | 0.06 [− 0.82;0.95] | 1.000 | 0.06 [− 0.80;0.92] | 1.000 | |||
Healthy | Pre | Post | 0.82 [− 0.38;2.01] | .383 | 0.82 [− 0.07;1.71] | .088 | − 0.82 [− 2.01;0.38] | .383 | − 0.82 [− 1.71;0.07] | .088 | 0.46 [− 0.23;1.15] | .430 | 0.46 [− 0.30;1.22] | .606 | |
Mid | 0.16 [− 0.59;0.90] | 1.000 | 0.16 [− 0.39;0.71] | 1.000 | − 0.16 [− 0.90;0.59] | 1.000 | − 0.16 [− 0.71;0.39] | 1.000 | 0.38 [− 0.27;1.04] | .650 | 0.39 [− 0.30;1.07] | .746 | |||
End | 0.37 [− 0.75;1.49] | 1.000 | 0.39 [− 0.53;1.31] | 1.000 | -0.37 [− 1.49;0.75] | 1.000 | − 0.39 [− 1.31;0.53] | 1.000 | 0.60 [− 0.32;1.51] | .452 | 0.58 [− 0.30.1.74] | .443 | |||
Slow optic flow | Stroke | Pre | Post | − 0.36 [− 0.90;0.18] | .421 | − 0.84 [− 1.30;− 0.38] | < .001* | 0.36 [− 0.18;0.90] | .421 | 0.84 [0.38;1.30] | < .001* | 0.44 [− 0.26;1.14] | .523 | 0.40 [− 0.28;1.09] | .647 |
Mid | − 0.32 [− 1.67;1.03] | 1.000 | − 0.63 [− 1.44;0.19] | .224 | 0.32 [− 1.03;1.67] | 1.000 | 0.63 [− 0.19;1.44] | .224 | 0.21 [− 0.64;1.06] | 1.000 | 0.14 [− 0.68;0.97] | 1.000 | |||
End | 0.05 [− 1.26;1.37] | 1.000 | − 0.74 [− 1.53;0.04] | .073 | − 0.05 [− 1.37;1.26] | 1.000 | 0.74 [− 0.04;1.53] | .073 | 0.57 [− 0.02;1.17] | .067 | 0.61 [0.02;1.21] | .042* | |||
Healthy | Pre | Post | − 0.33 [− 0.88;0.21] | .552 | − 0.33 [− 0.79;0.12] | .294 | 0.33 [− 0.21;0.88] | .552 | 0.33 [− 0.12;0.79] | .294 | 0.09 [− 0.60;0.79] | 1.000 | 0.09 [− 0.59;0.78] | 1.000 | |
Mid | − 0.70 [− 2.04;0.64] | .860 | − 0.70 [− 1.51;0.11] | .122 | 0.70 [− 0.64;2.04] | .860 | 0.70 [− 0.11;1.51] | .122 | 0.29 [− 0.55;1.13] | 1.000 | 0.29 [− 0.53;1.10] | 1.000 | |||
End | − 0.82 [− 2.13;0.49] | .508 | − 0.82 [− 1.60;− 0.03] | .037* | 0.82 [− 0.49;2.13] | .508 | 0.82 [0.03;1.60] | .037* | 0.43 [− 0.17;1.02] | .313 | 0.42 [− 0.18;1.01] | .337 | |||