Table 3 Spatiotemporal outcome metrics for forward walk trials and pairwise comparisons from corresponding linear mixed models
From: Gait patterns during overground and virtual omnidirectional treadmill walking
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Pairwise Comparisons After Controlling for Velocity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome Measure | Overground | Treadmill | Treadmill + Handrail | Overground – TM | Overground – TM + H | TM – TM + H |
Average Velocity (m/s) | 1.30 ± 0.18 | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 0.50 ± 0.04 |  |  |  |
Step Length (m) | 0.71 ± 0.07 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.29 ± 0.04 | 0.18 (0.10, 0.26) | 0.15 (0.07, 0.22) | -0.03 (-0.05, -0.02) |
Step Width (m) | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | -0.01 (-0.07, 0.05) | 0.03 (-0.02, 0.08) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05) |
Cadence (steps/min) | 112 ± 8.5 | 85 ± 12.2 | 81 ± 7.3 | -7.75 (-23.62, 8.11) | -1.43 (-15.91, 13.04) | 6.32 (0.40, 12.24) |
Step Time (s) | 0.54 ± 0.04 | 0.73 ± 0.11 | 0.75 ± 0.07 | -- | -- | -- |
Stance Time (s) | 0.72 ± 0.06 | 1.08 ± 0.19 | 1.09 ± 0.11 | -- | -- | -- |
Swing Time (s) | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.02 (-0.02, 0.07) | 0.01 (-0.05, 0.03) | -0.03 (-0.05, -0.01) |
Double Limb Support (%) | 33.8 ± 0.01 | 47.9 ± 0.01 | 46.3 ± 0.01 | -- | -- | -- |
CV% Step Length | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 30.9 ± 2.9 | 32.1 ± 2.2 | -26.4 (-31.8, -21.1) | -28.1 (-33.0, -23.2) | -1.7 (-3.9, 0.6) |
CV% Step Width | 23.8 ± 9.7 | 19.3 ± 8.4 | 15.5 ± 9.0 | -- | -- | -- |
CV% Cadence | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 8.4 ± 2.5 | 5.1 ± 1.7 | -3.6 (-9.1, 1.8) | -0.5 (-5.5, 4.5) | 3.1 (1.0, 5.3) |
CV% Step Time | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 8.6 ± 2.7 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | -3.3 (-9.2, 2.5) | 0.0 (-5.4, 5.4) | 3.3 (1.2, 5.4) |
CV% Stance Time | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 7.2 ± 2.1 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | -3.8 (-8.2, 0.6) | -0.6 (-4.7, 3.4) | 3.1 (1.7, 4.6) |
CV% Swing Time | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 7.7 ± 1.9 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | -3.7 (-8.0, 0.5) | -1.2 (-5.0, 3.7) | 2.6 (1.1, 4.1) |
CV% Double Limb Support | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | -4.2 (-7.3, -1.1) | -1.6 (-4.5, 1.3) | 2.6 (1.6, 3.6) |